Low-Power and Programmable Analog Circuitry for Wireless Sensors

Embedding networks of secure, wirelessly-connected sensors and actuators will help us to conscientiously manage our local and extended environments. One major challenge for this vision is to create networks of wireless sensor devices that provide maximal knowledge of their environment while using only the energy that is available within that environment. In this work, it is argued that the energy constraints in wireless sensor design are best addressed by incorporating analog signal processors. The low power-consumption of an analog signal processor allows persistent monitoring of multiple sensors while the device\u27s analog-to-digital converter, microcontroller, and transceiver are all in sleep mode. This dissertation describes the development of analog signal processing integrated circuits for wireless sensor networks. Specific technology problems that are addressed include reconfigurable processing architectures for low-power sensing applications, as well as the development of reprogrammable biasing for analog circuits

Speech Processing Front-end in Low-power Hardware

The objective of this work is to develop analog integrated circuits to serve as low-power auditory front-ends in signal processing systems. An analog front-end can be used for feature-extraction to reduce the requirements of the digital back-end, or to detect and call attention to compelling characteristics of a signal while the back-end is in sleep mode. Such a front-end should be advantageous for speech recognition, noise suppression, auditory scene analysis, hearing prostheses, biological modeling, or hardware-based event detection.;This work presents a spectral decomposition system, which consists of a bandpass filter bank with sub-band magnitude detection. The bandpass filter is low-power and each channel can be individually programmed for different quality factors and passband gains. The novel magnitude detector has a 68 decibel dynamic range, excellent tracking capability, and consumes less than a microwatt of power. The system, which was fabricated in a 0.18 micron process, consists of a 16-channel filter bank and a variety of sub-band computational elements

Energy and entropy balance of ATP synthesis

AbstractAnalysis of the energy balance at the H+-translocating CF1CF0–ATP synthase from spinach yields precise data for the H+/ATP coupling ratio and the standard reaction Gibbs energy, ΔrG′0, of the reaction ADP+Pi→ATP+H2O. From the temperature dependency of ΔrG′0 the accompanying ΔrH′0 and ΔrS′0 values are derived. Prerequisite of this analysis is a shift of the reaction quotient from values far below 1 for the uncoupled reaction to values near 1 by means of the coupling to the energetically downhill translocation of protons across the thylakoid membrane. Proton load of the thylakoid lumen is achieved along with the light-induced electron transport. The internal pH which is of crucial importance for the energy balance analysis is obtained from the pHin-controlled electron flow rate. Linear relationships between the logarithm of the reaction quotient and the equilibrium transmembrane pH difference prove the reliability of the procedure. The quantitative results are: (1) H+/ATP=4.0, independent of pH. (2) ΔrG′0=31.3kJmol−1 at conditions of 20°C, pH 8.0, pMg 2.5 and 0.08M ionic strength. (3) ΔrH′0=28.1kJmol−1, ΔrS′0=−11JK−1mol−1. These results are discussed with regard to the nonuniform data in the literature

Kinetic modelling of the proton translocating CF0CF1-ATP synthase from spinach

AbstractThe rate of both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis catalysed by the thiol-modulated and activated ATP synthase from spinach is measured as a function of all substrates including the protons inside the thylakoid lumen. The most important findings are: (1) sigmoid kinetics with respect to Hin+, (2) hyperbolic kinetics with respect to ADP, ATP and phosphate, with Km for phosphate and ADP decreasing upon increasing Hin+, (3) binding of ADP and phosphate in random order and competitive to ATP. Simulation of the complete set of experimental data is obtained by a kinetic model featuring Boyer's binding-change mechanism

Klimabelange in der Bauleitplanung

Aufgrund steigender Bau- und Bevölkerungsdichten und der Ausweitung des Siedlungsflächenanteils in urbanen Räumen, einer Verschiebung der Altersstruktur und einer durch den Klimawandel bedingten Zunahme von Extremwetterereignissen wird die Stadtbevölkerung zunehmend Umweltbelastungen ausgesetzt sein. Klimaindizierte Auswirkungen (u. a. Hitzeperioden, Starkregen) werden zudem innerhalbdes Stadtkörpers in Folge hoher Versiegelungsgrade, einem verringerten Luftaustausch der urbanen Atmosphäre und einer steigenden lufthygienischen Belastung nochmals verschärft. Um diese Herausforderungen in Städten zu bewältigen, bedarf es u. a. entsprechender Lösungsmöglichkeiten in der Bauleitplanung, die mit der Flächennutzungsplanung die gesamtstädtische Entwicklung und mit derBebauungsplanung kleinräumige Bebauungs-, Erschließungs- und Freiflächenstrukturen rechtsverbindlich festlegt. Das Aufgabenspektrum der Bauleitpläne ist dabei vom Gesetzgeber u. a. mit der im Jahre 2011 in das Baugesetzbuch eingefügten Klimaschutzklausel in § 1a Abs. 5 BauGB (sog. Klimaschutzklausel) erweitert worden. Sie soll seither auch dazu beitragen, dem Klimaschutz und der Klimaanpassung, insbesondere in der Stadtentwicklung durch Konzeptionen und die konkrete Festlegung baulicher Maßnahmen angemessen Rechnung zu tragen. Der Gesetzgeber hat dafür nach und nach auch konkrete Festsetzungsmöglichkeiten zur Klimaanpassung in den § 9 Abs. 1 BauGB integriert, der die Inhalte des Bebauungsplans regelt. Daraus ergeben sich grundsätzlich gute Möglichkeiten zur Umsetzung umfassend integrierter räumlicher Klimaschutz- und Klimaanpassungskonzepte in städte- und z. T. auch hochbaulicher Hinsicht. In der Planungspraxis wird allerdings, oftmals aufgrund fehlender Betroffenheit bzw. Unwissenheit, den klimatischen Belangen wenig Bedeutung beigemessen. Daher ist eine systematische und strukturierte Vorgehensweise von Nöten, um aufdie gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Herausforderungen reagieren und agieren zu können

Üldhariduskoolide direktorite haridusõigusalased teadmised valitud õigusalaste juhtumite korral ning nende teadmiste seosed taustaandmetega

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4600615*es

Modellierung und Management kombinierter Umgebungslärmimmissionen

MODELLIERUNG UND MANAGEMENT KOMBINIERTER UMGEBUNGSLÄRMIMMISSIONEN Modellierung und Management kombinierter Umgebungslärmimmissionen / Rumberg, Martin (Rights reserved) ( -

Üldkasuliku töö korraldusega seotud probleemid juhendajate vaatest Pärnumaa näitel

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5159281*es

Student Mobility: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions

Student mobility is a widespread and often unheralded problem facing American schools. The majority of elementary and secondary school children make at least one non-promotional school change over their educational careers, with many children making multiple moves. They do so for a variety of reasons. School changes are most often initiated by families and frequently involve a change of residences due to reasons that are either voluntary (for example, changing jobs or moving to a better home) or involuntary (for example, getting evicted or having a family disruption such as a divorce). But schools can also initiate school changes, such as when students are expelled or when schools are closed. The research literature suggests that changing schools can harm normal child and adolescent development by disrupting relationships with peers and teachers as well as altering a student’s educational program. The most consistent and severe impacts are on test scores and high school graduation, with less consistent findings on student behavior. The gravest harms follow from multiple moves and those accompanied by disruptions in the home. Because causes and consequences are varied and complex, recommendations for addressing the issue must be adaptable and applicable to the unique sets of circumstances. School procedures should focus on reducing unnecessary mobility and on making the mobility experience, when necessary, as positive as possible