ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF NURSES REGARDING THE PREVENTION OF INFECTION IN BURN PATIENT IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL LAHORE

Introduction: Burn wound infection are one of the most significant and possibly genuine complications that happen in the intense period following injury. Roughly 180,000 expiries happen due to burn each year evaluated by world health organization in 2018. Reducing the spread of disease and human care services related burn infection in the burn unit of public hospital. WHO has revealed a lot higher occurrence in Pakistan roughly 1388/100000 yearly when contrasted with worldwide frequency of 110/100000 for every annum Implementation of rules will lessen the rate pace of burn wound contamination in the burn unit. Methodology: quantitative observational descriptive study design was used to assess the nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding prevention of infection in burn patient. In order to assess nurses practiced, data was collected through the standardized checklist and questionnaire regarding prevention of infection in burn patient. The checklist and questionnaire consist of 55 items. Results: The findings of this study revealed that there are poor knowledge and practices of nurses regarding prevention of infection in burn patient. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that nurses working in burn units of hospital of Lahore, Punjab region have low knowledge and practices regarding prevention of Infections among burn patients. Therefore, hospitals are required to organize adequate trainings and to develop unit specific clinical infection control guidelines and protocols Key words: Infection, Practice, Knowledge, Burn, Patient. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/74-11 Publication date:May 31st 202

(Review Article*) Construction and Validation of Problem-Solving Ability Test

The study focused on the construction and validation of a problem-solving ability test. The test consists of 36 multiple choice items regarding numerical and reasoning ability tested on 810 students. The preliminary instrument consists of 46 multiple choice items was tested on 352 secondary school students. After the refinement of items using different procedures, 36 items were selected. The construction and development of the test was done by expert review, preliminary draft, item analysis, selection of items, preparation of final test, norms, validity, and reliability of the test. The Cranach’s (α) and split-half reliability of the test as found 0.909and 0.890 respectively with the intrinsic and criterion validity of the test was found to be 0.953and 0.781

(Review Article*) Construction and Validation of Problem-Solving Ability Test

The study focused on the construction and validation of a problem-solving ability test. The test consists of 36 multiple choice items regarding numerical and reasoning ability tested on 810 students. The preliminary instrument consists of 46 multiple choice items was tested on 352 secondary school students. After the refinement of items using different procedures, 36 items were selected. The construction and development of the test was done by expert review, preliminary draft, item analysis, selection of items, preparation of final test, norms, validity, and reliability of the test. The Cranach’s (α) and split-half reliability of the test as found 0.909and 0.890 respectively with the intrinsic and criterion validity of the test was found to be 0.953and 0.781

Transparent encryption with scalable video communication: Lower-latency, CABAC-based schemes

Selective encryption masks all of the content without completely hiding it, as full encryption would do at a cost in encryption delay and increased bandwidth. Many commercial applications of video encryption do not even require selective encryption, because greater utility can be gained from transparent encryption, i.e. allowing prospective viewers to glimpse a reduced quality version of the content as a taster. Our lightweight selective encryption scheme when applied to scalable video coding is well suited to transparent encryption. The paper illustrates the gains in reducing delay and increased distortion arising from a transparent encryption that leaves reduced quality base layer in the clear. Reduced encryption of B-frames is a further step beyond transparent encryption in which the computational overhead reduction is traded against content security and limited distortion. This spectrum of video encryption possibilities is analyzed in this paper, though all of the schemes maintain decoder compatibility and add no bitrate overhead as a result of jointly encoding and encrypting the input video by virtue of carefully selecting the entropy coding parameters that are encrypted. The schemes are suitable both for H.264 and HEVC codecs, though demonstrated in the paper for H.264. Selected Content Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) parameters are encrypted by a lightweight Exclusive OR technique, which is chosen for practicality

Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19: The PAN-COVID study

Objective To assess perinatal outcomes for pregnancies affected by suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods Prospective, web-based registry. Pregnant women were invited to participate if they had suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1st January 2020 and 31st March 2021 to assess the impact of infection on maternal and perinatal outcomes including miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, pre-term birth and transmission to the infant. Results Between April 2020 and March 2021, the study recruited 8239 participants who had suspected or confirmed SARs-CoV-2 infection episodes in pregnancy between January 2020 and March 2021. Maternal death affected 14/8197 (0.2%) participants, 176/8187 (2.2%) of participants required ventilatory support. Pre-eclampsia affected 389/8189 (4.8%) participants, eclampsia was reported in 40/ 8024 (0.5%) of all participants. Stillbirth affected 35/8187 (0.4 %) participants. In participants delivering within 2 weeks of delivery 21/2686 (0.8 %) were affected by stillbirth compared with 8/4596 (0.2 %) delivering ≥ 2 weeks after infection (95 % CI 0.3–1.0). SGA affected 744/7696 (9.3 %) of livebirths, FGR affected 360/8175 (4.4 %) of all pregnancies. Pre-term birth occurred in 922/8066 (11.5%), the majority of these were indicated pre-term births, 220/7987 (2.8%) participants experienced spontaneous pre-term births. Early neonatal deaths affected 11/8050 livebirths. Of all neonates, 80/7993 (1.0%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions Infection was associated with indicated pre-term birth, most commonly for fetal compromise. The overall proportions of women affected by SGA and FGR were not higher than expected, however there was the proportion affected by stillbirth in participants delivering within 2 weeks of infection was significantly higher than those delivering ≥ 2 weeks after infection. We suggest that clinicians’ threshold for delivery should be low if there are concerns with fetal movements or fetal heart rate monitoring in the time around infection

Internet Addiction and Mental Health During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Correlational Study

Internet addiction is a relatively new phenomenon which can have similar impacts as substance dependence on one’s cognitive and behavioral functioning. This type of addiction is a growing problem, and is constantly being researched to try to address what causes this addiction, who is affected by it, and how it can be treated. It has been observed throughout the study that there is a significant correlation between Internet Addiction and mental health. The extant literature shows that excessive use of Internet leads to significant effect on mental health. One hundred and thirty youth were taken to complete the study. The main aim of the study was to examine how Internet Addiction affects mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

Internet Addiction and Mental Health During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Correlational Study

Internet addiction is a relatively new phenomenon which can have similar impacts as substance dependence on one’s cognitive and behavioral functioning. This type of addiction is a growing problem, and is constantly being researched to try to address what causes this addiction, who is affected by it, and how it can be treated. It has been observed throughout the study that there is a significant correlation between Internet Addiction and mental health. The extant literature shows that excessive use of Internet leads to significant effect on mental health. One hundred and thirty youth were taken to complete the study. The main aim of the study was to examine how Internet Addiction affects mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

A Secure Data Dissemination in a DHT-Based Routing Paradigm for Wireless Ad Hoc Network

Over the past decade, distributed hash table- (DHT-) based routing protocols have been adopted in wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs) to achieve scalability in the route discovery phase by avoiding the flooding mechanism. The security aspects of the routing protocols based on the DHT mechanism are crucial to address and have not been discussed in the existing literature. Therefore, addressing the security issues in DHT-based routing protocols would prevent the service disruption, decrease the traffic overhead, and reduce the packet loss in the network. In this paper, several security issues are identified and elaborated through an example scenario. Moreover, a novel DHT-based routing protocol is proposed that uses a digital signature and the user’s trust in order to swap securely the logical identifiers (LIDs). Trust between nodes is established by the user’s acquaintance and the first visual contact. The proposed protocol vindicates its effectiveness via simulation results in terms of computation time, normalized overhead, percent improvement, and packet delivery ratio

Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID -19: coreporting of common outcomes from PAN-COVID and AAP-SONPM registries

Objective Few large cohort studies have reported data on maternal, fetal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection in pregnancy. We report the outcome of infected pregnancies from a collaboration formed early during the pandemic between the investigators of two registries, the UK and Global Pregnancy and Neonatal outcomes in COVID‐19 (PAN‐COVID) study and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine (SONPM) National Perinatal COVID‐19 Registry. Methods This was an analysis of data from the PAN‐COVID registry (1 January to 25 July 2020), which includes pregnancies with suspected or confirmed maternal SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at any stage in pregnancy, and the AAP‐SONPM National Perinatal COVID‐19 registry (4 April to 8 August 2020), which includes pregnancies with positive maternal testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 from 14 days before delivery to 3 days after delivery. The registries collected data on maternal, fetal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes. The PAN‐COVID results are presented overall for pregnancies with suspected or confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and separately in those with confirmed infection. Results We report on 4005 pregnant women with suspected or confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (1606 from PAN‐COVID and 2399 from AAP‐SONPM). For obstetric outcomes, in PAN‐COVID overall and in those with confirmed infection in PAN‐COVID and AAP‐SONPM, respectively, maternal death occurred in 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.2% of cases, early neonatal death in 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.3% of cases and stillbirth in 0.5%, 0.6% and 0.4% of cases. Delivery was preterm (< 37 weeks' gestation) in 12.0% of all women in PAN‐COVID, in 16.1% of those women with confirmed infection in PAN‐COVID and in 15.7% of women in AAP‐SONPM. Extreme preterm delivery (< 27 weeks' gestation) occurred in 0.5% of cases in PAN‐COVID and 0.3% in AAP‐SONPM. Neonatal SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was reported in 0.9% of all deliveries in PAN‐COVID overall, in 2.0% in those with confirmed infection in PAN‐COVID and in 1.8% in AAP‐SONPM; the proportions of neonates tested were 9.5%, 20.7% and 87.2%, respectively. The rates of a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate were 8.2% in PAN‐COVID overall, 9.7% in those with confirmed infection and 9.6% in AAP‐SONPM. Mean gestational‐age‐adjusted birth‐weight Z‐scores were −0.03 in PAN‐COVID and −0.18 in AAP‐SONPM. Conclusions The findings from the UK and USA registries of pregnancies with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were remarkably concordant. Preterm delivery affected a higher proportion of women than expected based on historical and contemporaneous national data. The proportions of pregnancies affected by stillbirth, a SGA infant or early neonatal death were comparable to those in historical and contemporaneous UK and USA data. Although maternal death was uncommon, the rate was higher than expected based on UK and USA population data, which is likely explained by underascertainment of women affected by milder or asymptomatic infection in pregnancy in the PAN‐COVID study, although not in the AAP‐SONPM study. The data presented support strong guidance for enhanced precautions to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in pregnancy, particularly in the context of increased risks of preterm delivery and maternal mortality, and for priority vaccination of pregnant women and women planning pregnancy. Copyright © 2021 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd