Retroperitoneal neuroglial heterotopia: a case report and literature review

BackgroundNeuroglial heterotopia is a rare lesion composed of differentiated neuroectodermal cells that manifest in extracranial locations, with the majority of cases predominantly occurring in the head and neck region. Retroperitoneal neuroglial heterotopia is exceptionally rare, with isolated cases published in the scientific literature.Case reportHere, we present the case of a 3-year-old girl who was admitted without clinical signs but presented with a palpable abdominal mass. Ultrasonography and computed tomography scans revealed a sizable cystic lesion within the retroperitoneal space. Subsequently, laparoscopic resection was performed. Histological examination unveiled neuroglial cell-lined cysts encompassing fibrous connective tissue, ganglia, glial tissue, and nerve bundles. Notably, distinct areas and cell types exhibited expression of S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neuron-specific enolase. Follow-up assessments revealed no relapses or late complications.ConclusionIn cases of retroperitoneal neuroglial heterotopia, most children may remain asymptomatic without any congenital anomalies. Despite their detectability through imaging, accurate preoperative diagnosis is seldom achieved. Generally, a favorable prognosis follows complete surgical resection, although further cases are required to confirm its long-term efficacy, necessitating extended follow-up for verification

MYCBP2 expression correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration and prognosis immunotherapy in thyroid cancer patients

IntroductionImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising results for the treatment of multiple cancers. ICIs and related therapies may also be useful for the treatment of thyroid cancer (TC). In TC, Myc binding protein 2 (MYCBP2) is correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration and cancer prognosis. However, the relationship between MYCBP2 expression and ICI efficacy in TC patients is unclear.MethodsWe downloaded data from two TC cohorts, including transcriptomic data and clinical prognosis data. The Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm was used to predict the efficacy of ICIs in TC patients. MCPcounter, xCell, and quanTIseq were used to calculate immune cell infiltration scores. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) were used to evaluate signaling pathway scores. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and clinical follow up was used to identify the MYCBP2 protein expression status in patients and associated with clinical outcome.ResultsA higher proportion of MYCBP2-high TC patients were predicted ICI responders than MYCBP2-low patients. MYCBP2-high patients also had significantly increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), B cells, natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DC)s. Compared with MYCBP2-low patients, MYCBP2-high patients had higher expression of genes associated with B cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), antigen processing and presentation, inflammatory stimulation, and interferon (IFN) responses. GSEA and ssGSEA also showed that MYCBP2-high patients had significantly increased activity of inflammatory factors and signaling pathways associated with immune responses.In addiation, Patients in our local cohort with high MYCBP2 expression always had a better prognosis and greater sensitivity to therapy while compared to patients with low MYCBP2 expression after six months clinic follow up.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that MYCBP2 may be a predictive biomarker for ICI efficacy in TC patients. High MYCBP2 expression was associated with significantly enriched immune cell infiltration. MYCBP2 may also be involved in the regulation of signaling pathways associated with anti-tumor immune responses or the production of inflammatory factors

The relationship between the average optical density (AOD) scores of MACC1 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining obtained in Image Pro Plus anaysis and the staining intensity scores determined by visual assessment.

<p>(A), Patients with RPC were manually divided into three groups according to their visual assessment scores in IHC stained tissue sections (negative, low MACC1 expression group, and high MACC1 expression group, respectively). The AOD value of MACC1 obtained from Image Pro Plus analysis was evidently increased in the low MACC1 expression group compared to the negative group, and was further elevated in the high MACC1 expression group (<i>p</i><0.001). AOD =  the integrated optical density (IOD)/Area of positive MACC1 staining in each IHC staining image; B, Spearman correlation coefficient analysis measuring the strength of the linear relationship between MACC1 AOD Image Pro Plus scores and visual assessment scores. A statistically significant positive linear relationship was observed between these two sets of scores in RPC (<i>r</i> = 0.669, <i>p</i><0.001).</p

Multivariate Cox regression analysis of several prognostic factors (TNM stage, nuclear grade, and MACC1 protein expression levels) with respect to five-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with renal pelvis carcinoma (RPC).

<p>‘CI’ refers to confidence interval; ‘HR’ refers to hazard ratio.</p

Diagnostic segregation of human breast tumours using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis: Classifying cancer subtypes

The present study aimed to investigate whether attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis could be applied to discriminate and classify among breast tumour molecular subtypes based on the unique spectral "fingerprints" of their biochemical composition. The different breast cancer tissues and normal breast tissues were collected and identified by pathology and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy respectively. The study indicates that the levels of the lipid-to-protein, nucleic acid-to-lipid, phosphate-to-carbohydrate and their secondary structure ratio, including RNA-to-DNA, Amide I-to-Amide II, and RNA-to-lipid ratios were significantly altered among the molecular subtype of breast tumour compared with normal breast tissues, which helps explain the changes in the biochemical structure of different molecular phenotypes of breast cancer. Tentatively-assigned characteristic peak ratios of infrared (IR) spectra reflect the changes of the macromolecule structure in different issues to a great extent and can be used as a potential biomarker to predict the molecular subtype of breast tumour. The present study acts as the first case study to show the successful application of IR spectroscopy in classifying subtypes of breast cancer with biochemical alterations. Therefore, the present study is likely to help to provide a new diagnostic approach for the accurate diagnosis of breast tumours and differential molecular subtypes and has the potential to be used for further intraoperative management. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Representative illustrations of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of MACC1 in the normal renal pelvis (A & A′, B & B′) and in renal pelvis carcinoma (RPC) tissue samples (C–E & C′–E′).

<p>(A) negtive control staining; (B) MACC1 positive staining; (C–E) representative images of negtive, low, high MACC1 expression in RPC tissues, respectively. (A′–E′) a higher magnification of the selected area in (A–E), respectively. Magnification: ×100 in (A–E); ×200 in (A′–E′).</p

The average optical density (AOD) of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining strength of MACC1 was measured quantitatively by Image Pro Plus in renal pelvis carcinoma (RPC) tissue specimens, adjacent non-tumorous renal pelvis epithelial tissue (ANRPET) and normal renal pelvis epithelial tissue (NRPET) specimens.

<p>Since there was no substantial difference between ANRPETs and NRPETs (<i>p</i>>0.05), these two groups were combined as a single group, ‘normal epithelium (NE)’.</p><p>*ANRPETs VS NRPETs.</p>#<p>RPC VS NE.</p

The correlation between immunohistochemical scores of MACC1 protein expression (indicated as the values of the average optical density (AOD) measured by Image Pro Plus in renal pelvis carcinoma tissue sections) and prognostic factors (gender, age, TNM stage, and nuclear grade).

<p>The correlation between immunohistochemical scores of MACC1 protein expression (indicated as the values of the average optical density (AOD) measured by Image Pro Plus in renal pelvis carcinoma tissue sections) and prognostic factors (gender, age, TNM stage, and nuclear grade).</p

Univariate Cox regression analysis of several prognostic factors (age, gender, TNM stage, nuclear grade, and MACC1 protein expression levels) with respect to five-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with renal pelvis carcinoma.

<p>‘CI’ refers to confidence interval; ‘HR’ refers to hazard ratio.</p