A Comparative Analysis of Packet Fragmentation with MPLS Unicast IP Routing and OSPF in an IP-based Network

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is acknowledged and widely used to overcome drawbacks in traditional Internet Protocol (IP) routing. This paper presents network performance on the effect of packet fragmentation over IP and MPLS networks. Performance analysis on Windows XP is evaluated which tested in an environment using GNS3 which emulates on real environment telecommunication network. Network performance observed on Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) with and without MPLS label implementation accompanied by combination of different data sizes and different Maximum Transfer Units (MTUs). Round-Trip-Time (RTT) is calculated on throughput and packet loss. Results present an analysis performance on different protocols, data sizes and produced MTUs. OSPF provides better RTT and throughput compared to MPLS with default MTU setting. Better RTT and calculated throughput performance is obtained by increasing the MTU for interface, IP and MPLS. RTT for MPLS is slightly higher due to the introduction of label to each packet send. Packet loss behavior is similar in both OSPF and MPLS which more visible when fragmentation happened. This study concludes that upon packet fragmentation, performances are degrade

Virtual Routing and Forwarding-lite Traffic Management over Multi-protocol Layer Switching-Virtual Private Network

Quality of Services in Multi-protocol layer switching for Virtual Private Network (MPLS-VPN) is one of important matter today. These networks experienced an increase of bandwidth size for enterprises LAN which are faster than the increased of bandwidth at WAN link. Thus, line speed is disparity and bottleneck is occurred at the link between WAN and LAN due to the unparalleled increase of bandwidth between these links. This paper presents a study of MPLS-VPN architecture and how to encounter the congestions problem by simulating traffic management on the path diversity and load balance using VRF-lite technique at enterprises MPLS-VPN. A test bed is set up and real enterprise MPLS-VPN network for traffic management is simulated. VRF-Lite traffic management is applied at identified two WAN headquarters and three branch network. WAN and LAN link is identified on primary and secondary network link. VRF-lite is used to overcome the bottle neck at the Branch WAN-LAN link and also to fully utilize all available links at the other sites. Adaptive traffic management is set where if it is identified that other link is not congested than traffic will pass through the link. Result presents analyzed of throughput and bandwidth utilization percentage on all identified links using ftp and http applications. Successful results present that all links at HQ and Branch is being utilized and the congestion at the Branch WAN-LAN link is avoided

Bandwidth Control Algorithm on YouTube Video Traffic in Broadband Network

This paper presents an analysis of YouTube video traffic and fitted to best distribution traffic model to control bandwidth usage in a broadband network. The study scope comprised of collections of inbound YouTube video traffic for 7 days with the time-interval of each day is 3 hours. The broadband network is supported at 10Gbps line speed to Wide Area Network (WAN). The objective of this research is to characterize YouTube video traffic on broadband network, to fit the original traffic to best traffic model and bandwidth control algorithm called Policing and Shaping is developed based on time based threshold for 0.5Gbps at night and 1.0Gbps in day time. Performance shows the bandwidth controlled as bandwidth save, reduced traffic burst and processing time. Results present benefits of the developed algorithms where enhancement in processing time is 25.25% and the bandwidth is saved about 7.1668Mbps with Policing algorithms. Shaping algorithm process presents performance of processing time is increased up to 55.26% and the bandwidth is saved for about 25.548Mbps. Results also present best Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF) traffic model using Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) technique four best traffic models is identified which are Extreme Value, Weibull, Normal and Rician traffic model. Among the four, Weibull shown as the best fitted model that presents value of MLE=-1178.4 with the Scale α=9.49411e+08 and Shape β=2.81324 for 2 parameters traffic modeling. Research benefits in the development of design algorithm for Network Quality of Services (QoS) especially for bandwidth control and performance

PROGRAM RAWATAN DAN PEMULIHAN DI CURE & CARE SERVICE CENTRE: MOTIVASI UNTUK RAWATAN DAN EFIKASI DIRI DALAM KALANGAN RESIDEN DAN BUKAN RESIDEN

Tujuan dan Latarbelakang: Kajian bertujuan mengkaji program rawatan dan pemulihan di CCSC dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen.  Residen merupakan penghuni sepenuh masa dan mengikuti program rawatan dan pemulihan yang dikendalikan oleh CCSC.  Bukan residen adalah disebaliknya. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti peramal yang signifikan terhadap motivasi rawatan dan efikasi diri untuk tidak terlibat dari dadah dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen.   Metodologi: Empat buat CCSC telah dipilih dalam kajian ini.  Seramai 102 responden iaitu 55 orang residen (53.4 %) dan 47 orang bukan residen (47.6%) daripada empat buah CCSC mengisi soal selidik berkaitan dengan motivasi rawatan dan efikasi diri untuk menjauhi dadah.   Dapatan: Tempoh tamat program rawatan dan pemulihan di CCSC berkenaan adalah berbeza, iaitu antara dua minggu hingga lapan bulan. Hasil analisis model regresi menunjukkan bahawa motivasi yang tinggi untuk mendapatkan rawatan adalah dalam kalangan penghuni residen dan dikaitkan tempoh penglibatan di CCSC yang lebih panjang. Seterusnya, tempoh tidak terlibat dengan dadah yang lebih panjang mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan efikasi diri yang tinggi untuk menjauhi dadah. Dapatan kajian ini juga mengenalpasti situasi berisiko tinggi yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang kembali menagih. Antara faktor risiko tersebut ialah terjumpa dadah, terjumpa rakan-rakan penagih serta dipelawa untuk menggunakan dadah, terjumpa dengan sesuatu yang mengingatkan kepada dadah dan terlibat dengan peristiwa-peristiwa yang boleh menimbulkan emosi negatif.   Sumbangan: Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan kepentingan penilaian tahap motivasi rawatan dan tahap efikasi diri dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen CCSC, yang seterusnya membantu kejayaan rawatan dan penilaian keberkesanan rawatan.   Kata kunci: Efikasi diri, motivasi untuk rawatan, pemulihan dadah, penagih dadah, relaps.   ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: The study aims to analyze residents and non-residents who are participating in a treatment and rehabilitation programme at the Cure and Care Service Center (CCSC). The resident is a full-time residential and participates in the CCSC treatment and rehabilitation program. The non-resident is the opposite of this. The study also aims to identify significant predictors of the motivation of treatment and self-efficacy not to be involved in the drug.   Methodology: Four CCSCs have been selected in this study.  A total of 102 respondents, 55 residents (53.4%) and 47 non-residents (47.6%) at four CCSCs filled up questionnaires related to treatment motivation and self-efficacy to avoid drugs.   Findings: Duration of the treatment and rehabilitation programme at CCSC is different, ranging from two weeks to eight months. The results of the regression model analysis showed that high motivation for treatment is among residents and is associated with longer duration of engagement at CCSC. Furthermore, periods not involved with drugs have a significant relationship with high self-efficacy to avoid drugs. The findings also recognize high-risk situations that may lead to relapse. Among the identified risk factors is finding a drug, finding drug addicts and being invited to use drugs, finding something that reminds respondents of drugs and engages with events that can cause negative emotions.   Contributions: This study highlights the importance of screening the level of treatment motivation and the level of self-fficacy among CCSC residents, which contribute to treatment success and effectiveness evaluation.   Keywords: drug addicts, drug rehabilitation, relapse, self-efficacy, treatment motivation.   Cite as: Mat Min, R., Shukri, M., Abdullah, S. S., Mohd Yusof, R. A., & Husain, Z. (2020). Program rawatan dan pemulihan di Cure & Care Service Centre: Motivasi untuk rawatan dan efikasi diri dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen [Cure & Care Service Center treatment and rehabilitation programme: Treatment motivation and self efficacy among residents and non-residents]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 27-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp27-5

Video Traffic Modeling using Kolmogorov Smirnov Analysis in Broadband Network

Video Traffic utilization is one of the major issues for Quality of Service (QoS) for network traffic especially in broadband network. Most network administrators are looking at providing best QoS and reliable traffic performances especially on video traffic. Analysis on recent trend and modeling video traffic activity is a crucial task in providing better bandwidth usage. This research presents an analysis on video network traffic in a Broadband Network in Malaysia. Real data from a telecommunications service company based for Business and Home network are collected. Traffic characterization is analyzed and new traffic parameters and model are presented. Goodness of fit (GoF) and Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS) test is used to fit the real traffic in getting the best Traffic distribution model. Results present four top video used in the network traffic which are You Tube, MPEG, TV on Streamyx and Dailymotion using standard video protocol. Fitted traffics presents Pareto model is best fitted on video traffic. Generalized Pareto (GP) with Empirical Cumulative Distribution function (CDF) distribution is identified as the best distribution model. The fitted Generalized Pareto model was identified based on lower Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) value and higher probability value (p-value). Test statistics for four particular distribution results at 5% level significance. GP characterization presents three important parameters which are shape, scale and location. A new mathematical formulation is derived based on control parameters gathered for future rate limiting algorithm

Genetic Diversity, Natural Selection and Haplotype Grouping of Plasmodium knowlesi Gamma Protein Region II (PkγRII): Comparison with the Duffy Binding Protein (PkDBPαRII).

BACKGROUND:Plasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria parasite that has been reported to cause malaria in humans in Southeast Asia. This parasite invades the erythrocytes of humans and of its natural host, the macaque Macaca fascicularis, via interaction between the Duffy binding protein region II (PkDBPαRII) and the Duffy antigen receptor on the host erythrocytes. In contrast, the P. knowlesi gamma protein region II (PkγRII) is not involved in the invasion of P. knowlesi into humans. PkγRII, however, mediates the invasion of P. knowlesi into the erythrocytes of M. mulata, a non-natural host of P. knowlesi via a hitherto unknown receptor. The haplotypes of PkDBPαRII in P. knowlesi isolates from Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo have been shown to be genetically distinct and geographically clustered. Also, the PkDBPαRII was observed to be undergoing purifying (negative) selection. The present study aimed to determine whether similar phenomena occur in PkγRII. METHODS:Blood samples from 78 knowlesi malaria patients were used. Forty-eight of the samples were from Peninsular Malaysia, and 30 were from Malaysia Borneo. The genomic DNA of the samples was extracted and used as template for the PCR amplification of the PkγRII. The PCR product was cloned and sequenced. The sequences obtained were analysed for genetic diversity and natural selection using MEGA6 and DnaSP (version 5.10.00) programmes. Genetic differentiation between the PkγRII of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo isolates was estimated using the Wright's FST fixation index in DnaSP (version 5.10.00). Haplotype analysis was carried out using the Median-Joining approach in NETWORK (version 4.6.1.3). RESULTS:A total of 78 PkγRII sequences was obtained. Comparative analysis showed that the PkγRII have similar range of haplotype (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) with that of PkDBPαRII. Other similarities between PkγRII and PkDBPαRII include undergoing purifying (negative) selection, geographical clustering of haplotypes, and high inter-population genetic differentiation (FST index). The main differences between PkγRII and PkDBPαRII include length polymorphism and no departure from neutrality (as measured by Tajima's D statistics) in the PkγRII. CONCLUSION:Despite the biological difference between PkγRII and PkDBPαRII, both generally have similar genetic diversity level, natural selection, geographical haplotype clustering and inter-population genetic differentiation index

Median Joining network of PkγRII haplotypes.

<p>The network shows geographical clustering of PkγRII haplotypes from Peninsular Malaysia (yellow) and North Borneo (red). Note that haplotypes from each region are divided into two subgroups.</p

Median Joining network of PkDBPαRII haplotypes.

<p>The network shows geographical clustering of PkDBPαRII haplotypes from Peninsular Malaysia (yellow) and North Borneo (red). Amino acid sequences used for the construction of this network were from a previous study [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155627#pone.0155627.ref009" target="_blank">9</a>].</p