The Structure Of The Giant Haemoglobin From Glossoscolex Paulistus.

The sequences of all seven polypeptide chains from the giant haemoglobin of the free-living earthworm Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) are reported together with the three-dimensional structure of the 3.6 MDa complex which they form. The refinement of the full particle, which has been solved at 3.2 Å resolution, the highest resolution reported to date for a hexagonal bilayer haemoglobin composed of 12 protomers, is reported. This has allowed a more detailed description of the contacts between subunits which are essential for particle stability. Interpretation of features in the electron-density maps suggests the presence of metal-binding sites (probably Zn(2+) and Ca(2+)) and glycosylation sites, some of which have not been reported previously. The former appear to be important for the integrity of the particle. The crystal structure of the isolated d chain (d-HbGp) at 2.1 Å resolution shows different interchain contacts between d monomers compared with those observed in the full particle. Instead of forming trimers, as seen in the complex, the isolated d chains associate to form dimers across a crystallographic twofold axis. These observations eliminate the possibility that trimers form spontaneously in solution as intermediates during the formation of the dodecameric globin cap and contribute to understanding of the possible ways in which the particle self-assembles.711257-127

Crystal structure of the superoxide dismutase enzyme from Trypanosoma brucei and incorporated metal specificity analysis by statistical coupling.

A doença do sono é causada pelo parasita Tripanosoma brucei. Considerada uma doença negligenciada, mata milhares de pessoas todos os anos na África subsaariana. O T.brucei não apresenta resposta imune pronunciada, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de vacinas, e os medicamentos disponíveis são escassos. Os tripanossomatídeos são comprovadamente sensíveis ao stress oxidativo causado pelo radical superóxido. Assim, as enzimas superóxido dismutases (SODs) são a primeira linha de defesa contra esse radical. As SODs são metalo enzimas (EC 1.5.1.1) capazes de catalisar a dismutação do superóxido em oxigênio molecular e peróxido de hidrogênio. São classificadas de acordo com o metal incorporado na estrutura: cobre e zinco (CuZnSOD), ferro ou manganês (Fe/MnSOD) e níquel (NiSODs). Neste trabalho de mestrado, a enzima TbFeSODB2 de T.brucei foi, expressa, purificada, cristalizada e teve sua estrutura resolvida. A estrutura cristalográfica da enzima do parasita foi comparada com a enzima humana análoga contendo manganês (HuMnSOD), onde foram evidenciadas as principais diferenças entre as duas estruturas que podem ser exploradas para o desenho do novos inibidores seletivos. Foi realizada uma análise de acoplamento estatístico, onde com base em um alinhamento múltiplo dessas enzimas determinou-se resíduos que são capazes de interferir na seletividade do metal incorporado e estado oligomérico das SODs.Sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Tripanosoma brucei, is considered a neglected disease, killing thousands of people every year in subsaharian Africa. T. brucei does not generate a pronounced immune response, difficulting the development of vaccines. Furthermore, available medicines are scarce. Tripanosomatides are known to be sensitive to oxidative stress caused by the superoxide radical. Therefore, the superoxide dismutase enzymes (SODs) are a primary line of defence for the parasites against this radical. SODs are metalloenzymes (EC 1.5.1.1) capable of catalyzing superoxide dismutation into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. SODs are classified according to the incorporated metal: copper/zinc (CuZnSOD), iron/manganese (Fe or MnSOD) and nickel (NiSODs). In the work presented here, TbFeSODB2 from T. brucei was expressed, purified, crystallized and its 3D structure solved. The crystal structure of the parasite enzyme was compared to the homologous human enzyme containing manganese (HuMnSOD), revealing evidence for differences between both structures which could be exploited in the design of new selective inhibitors. In addition, a statistical coupling analysis was performed on the entire Fe/MnSOD superfamily, based on a multiple sequence alignment. It was shown that this technique was able to identify novel residue determinants of metal selectivity and oligomeric state

Crystallographic structure from the giant hemoglobin from Glossoscolex paulistus, a 3.6 mega dalton complex

Eritrocruorinas são hemoglobinas gigantes compostas por uma bicamada hexagonal de massa molecular total entre 3,0 e 4,0 MDa. A sua estrutura é baseada em unidades básicas chamadas protômeros. Doze destes compõem a partícula inteira, seis em cada camada hexagonal, resultando numa estrutura contendo 180 subunidades. Nas eritrocruorinas do tipo I, o protômero é constituído por quatro tipos de cadeias de globina: a, b, c, e d, e por três tipos de cadeias de linkers, L1, L2 e L3. A compreensão atual do seu mecanismo da ação esta atualmente prejudicada pela resolução limitada das estruturas cristalográficas disponíveis. Para abordar esta questão procuramos cristalizar uma serie de eritrocruorinas de espécies diversas visando a determinação das suas estruturas a mais alta resolução. Na primeira parte deste trabalho a eritrocruorina de Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) teve suas subunidades sequenciadas e a estrutura da partícula inteira resolvida a uma resolução de 3,2Å, a mais alta até o momento. Na estrutura da HbGp as quatro cadeias de globina se associam na forma de um heterotetrâmero, que se repete três vezes formando uma estrutura dodecamérica denominada cap. A estrutura do cap associada a um heterotrímero de linkers forma o então mencionado protômero. A estrutura completa permite uma descrição mais detalhada dos contatos entre subunidades que são essenciais para a manutenção da partícula como um todo. Além disto descrevemos sítios de ligação a metais (Zn2+ e Ca2+) e sítios de glicosilação, alguns dos quais são inéditos. Em seguida, a subunidade d isolada da HbGp foi cristalizada e resolvida a 2.1Å. Uma analise dos contatos cristalinos demonstra um arranjo completamente diferente daquilo visto para a subunidade d no complexo inteira. Ao invés de associar-se na formar trimeros, como acontece no complexo, a cadeia d isolada forma dímeros cristalográficos, com interface similar a aquela observada entre as cadeias d e a. Estas observações contribuíram para a compreensão de como são os possíveis mecanismos de associação das globinas para a montagem do cap. Finalmente, as eritrocruorinas de quatro outras espécies foram cristalizadas, que resultou na obtenção de uma estrutura cristalográfica preliminar para a eritrocruorina de Eisenia Andrei a uma resolução de 4.7Å.Erythrocruorins are giant haemoglobins in the form of a hexagonal bilayer of total molecular mass between 3 and 4 MDa. Their structures are based on a basic unit called the protomer. Twelve of these comprise the entire particle, six in each hexagonal layer, resulting in a structure containing 180 subunits. In the type I erythrocruorins the protomer is composed of four types of globin chains: a, b, c e d, and three types of linker; L1, L2 e L3. Our current understanding of their mechanism of action is limited by the resolution of the crystal structures available. To address this question we have attempted to crystallize a series of erythrocruorins from different species with a view to determining a crystal structure at higher resolution. In the first part of this thesis all chains of the erythrocruorin from Glossoscolex paulistus were completely sequenced and the structure of the full particle solved at 3.2Å, the highest reported to date. In the structure the four globin chains associate to form a heterotetramer, three of which unite to form a dodecameric cap. The latter associates with a heterotrimer of linkers to form the aforementioned protomer. The full structure permits a more detailed description of the contacts between subunits which are essential for particle stability. Furthermore, we describe metal binding sites (Zn2+ e Ca2+) and glycosylation sites, some of which are have not been reported previously. Subsequently the isolated d chain was crystallized and solved to 2.1Å. An analysis of the crystal contacts shows an arrangement which is completely different to that seen in the full particle. Instead of forming trimers, as seen in the complex, the isolated d chain associates to form a dimer across a crystallographic twofold axis making use of the interface normally used to associate with subunit a. These observations contributed to our understanding of the possible mechanisms of association of globin chains during the formation of the cap. Finally, the erythrocruorins from four other species were crystallized, which resulted in the preliminary determination of the structure of that from Eisenia Andrei at 4.7Å

Hydrogen peroxide production and myo-inositol metabolism as important traits for virulence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

International audienceMycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia. In our previous work, we reconstructed the metabolic models of this species along with two other mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of swine: Mycoplasma hyorhinis, considered less pathogenic but which nonetheless causes disease and Mycoplasma flocculare, a commensal bacterium. We identified metabolic differences that partially explained their different levels of pathogenicity. One important trait was the production of hydrogen peroxide from the glycerol metabolism only in the pathogenic species. Another important feature was a pathway for the metabolism of myo-inositol in M. hyopneumoniae. Here, we tested these traits to understand their relation to the different levels of pathogenicity, comparing not only the species but also pathogenic andattenuated strains of M. hyopneumoniae. Regarding the myo-inositol metabolism, we show that only M. hyopneumoniae assimilated this carbohydrate and remained viable when myo-inositol was the primary energy source. Strikingly, only the two pathogenic strains of M. hyopneumoniae produced hydrogen peroxide in complex medium. We also show that this production was dependent on the presence of glycerol. Although further functional tests are needed, we present in this work two interesting metabolic traits of M. hyopneumoniae that might be directly related to its enhanced virulence

Theoretical characterization of the shikimate 5-dehydrogenase reaction fromMycobacterium tuberculosisby hybrid QC/MM simulations and quantum chemical descriptors

International audienceIn this study, we have investigated the enzyme shikimate 5-dehydrogenase from the causative agent of tuberculosis,Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have employed a mixture of computational techniques, including molecular dynamics, hybrid quantum chemical/molecular mechanical potentials, relaxed surface scans, quantum chemical descriptors and free-energy simulations, to elucidate the enzyme's reaction pathway. Overall, we find a two-step mechanism, with a single transition state, that proceeds by an energetically uphill hydride transfer, followed by an energetically downhill proton transfer. Our mechanism and calculated free energy barrier for the reaction, 64.9 kJ mol(- 1), are in good agreement with those predicted from experiment. An analysis of quantum chemical descriptors along the reaction pathway indicated a possibly important, yet currently unreported, role of the active site threonine residue, Thr65

Oleuropein protects against cerebral ischemia injury in rats : molecular docking, biochemical and histological findings

This study was designed to evaluate the underlying protective mechanisms of oleuropein involved in alleviating brain damage in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; Control, stroke (MCAO), MCAO + clopidogrel (Clop) and MCAO + oleuropein (Ole). Results showed that the MCAO group evidenced significant brain edema (+ 9%) as well as increases of plasma cardiac markers such as lactate deshydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK-MB), fibrinogen and Trop-T by 11 %, 43%, 168 and 590%, respectively, as compared to the control group. Moreover, infarcted rats exhibited remarkable elevated levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), both in plasma and brain tissue, with astrocyte swelling and necrotic neurons in the infarct zone, hyponatremia, and increased rate of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) by 89% associated with decreases in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (Cat) by 51%, 44 and 42%, respectively, compared to normal control rats. However, MCAO rats treated with oleuropein underwent mitigation of cerebral edema, correction of hyponatremia, remarkable decrease of plasma fibrinogen and cardiac dysfunctional enzymes, inhibition of ACE activity and improvement of oxidative stress status in brain tissue. Furthermore, in silico analysis showed considerable inhibitions of ACE, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and TGF-β1, an indicative of potent anti-embolic properties. Overall, oleuropein offers a neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke through its antioxidative and antithrombotic activities

SARS-CoV-2 mutations in Brazil: from genomics to putative clinical conditions

Abstract Due to the high rate of transmissibility, Brazil became the new COVID-19 outbreak epicenter and, since then, is being monitored to understand how SARS-CoV-2 mutates and spreads. We combined genomic and structural analysis to evaluate genomes isolated from different regions of Brazil and show that the most prevalent mutations were located in the S, N, ORF3a and ORF6 genes, which are involved in different stages of viral life cycle and its interaction with the host cells. Structural analysis brought to light the positions of these mutations on protein structures, contributing towards studies of selective structure-based drug discovery and vaccine development