Global disparities in surgeons’ workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study

: The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity > 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI

Responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado en las ejecuciones extrajudiciales o “falsos positivos”

Se abordarán en el presente escrito como principales temáticas conceptuales, en busca del interés que tenemos por el conocimiento de este fenómeno aterrizado en el ámbito del derecho, que tomamos en aras de entender esta problemática que aqueja nuestra sociedad Colombiana, hasta el día de hoy. Así mismo exponer lo investigado acerca de la jurisprudencia, hechos históricos relevantes para comprender este temario; como lo es, la noción puntual de ejecución extrajudicial, los hechos históricos que marcaron el andamiaje de uno de los puntos álgidos de la violencia del país, así como la regulación de derecho internacional que versa sobre esta materia, para finalmente enunciar una noción de cómo se materializa la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado en la comisión de las ejecuciones extrajudiciales o mal denominadas “Falsos Positivos”. (Tomado de la fuente)