Prioritizing persons deprived of liberty in global guidelines for tuberculosis preventive treatment

Persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) are disproportionately impacted by tuberculosis, with high incidence rates and often limited access to diagnostics, treatment, and preventive measures. The World Health Organization (WHO) expanded its recommendations for tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) to many high-risk populations, but their guidance does not include PDL, and most low- and middle-income countries do not routinely provide edforthoseusedthroughoutthetext TPT in prisons. :Pleaseverifythatallentriesarecorrectlyabbreviated: Recent studies demonstrate high acceptability and completion rates of short-course TPT regimens in jails and prisons; costs of these regimens have been markedly reduced through international agreements, making this an opportune for further expanding their use. We argue that PDL should be a priority group for TPT in national guidelines and discuss implementation considerations and resource needs for TPT programs in carceral facilities. Scaling access to TPT for PDL is important for reducing disease and transmission in this population; it is also critical to advancing an equitable response to tuberculosis

Morphological configuration of the cranial base among children aged 8 to 12 years

Background: Cranial base is used as reference structure to determine the skeletal type in cephalometric analysis. The purpose was to assess the cranial base length on lateral cephalic radiographs of children between 8 and 12 and compare these measurements with baseline studies in order to evaluate the relationship between the length and the cranial base angle, articular angle, gonial angle and skeletal type. Methods: A Cross-sectional study in 149 children aged 8-12 years, originally from Aburrá Valley, who had lateral cephalic radiographs and consented to participate in this study. The variables studied included: age, sex, sella-nasion, sella-nasion-articular, sella-nasion-basion, articular-gonion-menton, gonion-menton, sella-nasion-point B, sella-nasion-point A y point A-nasion-point B. These variables were digitally measured through i-dixel 2 digital software. One-way ANOVA was used to determine mean values and mean value differences. The values obtained were compared with previous studies. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Cranial base lengths are smaller in each age and sex group, with differences exceeding 10 mm for measurement, compared both with the study by Riolo (Michigan) and the study carried out in Damasco (Antioquia). No relation was found between the skeletal type and the anterior cranial base length, the sella angle and the cranial base angle. Also, no relation was found between the gonial angle and sella angle or the cranial base angle. Conclusion: The cranial base varies from one population to another. Accordingly, compared to other studies it is shorter for the assessed sample. © 2016 The Author(s)

Fonction linguale chez les enfants présentant une béance antérieure : une étude cas témoin

La position de la langue durant la phonation et la déglutition peut modifier la position des dents et même la croissance des mâ[email protected]

Fonction linguale chez les enfants présentant une béance antérieure : une étude cas témoin

La position de la langue durant la phonation et la déglutition peut modifier la position des dents et même la croissance des mâ[email protected]

Tongue position assessment during oral phase deglutition in children with anterior open bite and normal vertical overbite

Introduction: Tongue position during deglutition presents great variability and can be assessed clinically or with different techniques. Aim: This study aims to determine tongue position during deglutition in children aged 8-16 years with anterior open bite (AOB) and normal vertical overbite (NVO) using a fluorescein technique. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted to assess tongue contact points during the oral phase of deglutition. Subjects and Methods: A total of 132 children with AOB and 132 children with NVO were included in this study. The difference between tongue contacts in both groups was performed, and the association between tongue position and anterior occlusion was establish. Statistical Analysis Used: Normal distribution analysis, Parson's Chi-square test (P < 0.05). Results: In AOB, about 28.8% showed tongue contact on the palatal surface of the incisors during the oral phase, 25.8% at the gingival margin, and 22% on the palatal rugae. Regarding NVO, 53% showed contact on the palatal rugae, 28.8% at the gingival margin, and 13.6% at the palatal surface. Conclusion: AOB group presented a higher prevalence of impaired tongue positions compared to NVO controls. The palatal surface was the most frequent contact point in the AOB, whereas tongue showed contact points at the palatal rugae in NVO. © 2019 Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive [email protected]

Prevalence of dyslalias in 8 to 16 year-old students with anterior open bite in the municipality of Envigado, Colombia

Background: Anterior open bite AOB is the most common malocclusion associated with speech disorders and the literature has shown that problems of occlusion involve all oral functions. AOB not only produce aesthetic and occlusal problems for the patient and modifies the union of the lips, tongue, teeth, palate, palatal rugae and oropharynx, and thus affecting the ability to communicate well with their surroundings. The prevalence of AOB in children and adolescent in our population is unknown. Furthermore, the most frequent type of dyslalias in children with this malocclusion is also unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to describe the frequency and types of dyslalia in students between 8-16 years with AOB, as well as the difference in the types of dyslalia according to the magnitude of AOB. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Clinical assessment of AOB in students from the municipality of Envigado, Colombia, was performed. Students from 8 to16 years of age were examined during the second semester of 2011 and first semester of 2012. Phonoaudiological assessment was carried out in students in the mixed or permanent dentition. Exclusion criteria included children with history of systemic disease, altered skeletal development, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and residents in other departments. In addition, students undergoing orthodontic treatment at the time of evaluation or with history of previous orthodontic treatment, as well as those who did not cooperate with the oral cavity evaluation, were excluded. Results: Six thousand one hundred sixty five children were evaluated. One hundred sixty six presented AOB (prevalence: 2.7 %; 95 % CI: 2.28-3.10). Thirty four students were excluded. 26.5 % of the sample presented mild AOB, 66.7 % moderate, and 6.8 % severe. Some type of dyslalia was found in 77.4 % of the students, being distortion (75.8 %) the most common. The most frequently altered phonemes were: / d / t / s / ch / ñ /. No significant association between different types of dyslalia and AOB severity (p-value = 0.974) was found. Conclusion: Prevalence of AOB in Envigado is low (2.7 %). Phonation alterations are very common in children with AOB (77.8 %), and distortion is the most frequent type of dyslalia (75.8 %). In order to diagnose and treat occlusal and phonetic problems, and to avoid possible recurrence, interdisciplinary approach is recommended. © 2015 Ocampo-Parra et al

Agreement between cranial and facial classification through clinical observation and anthropometric measurement among envigado school children

Background: To evaluate the agreement between cranial and facial classification obtained by clinical observation and anthropometric measurements among school children from the municipality of Envigado, Colombia.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 8-15-year-old children. Initially, an indirect clinical observation was made to determine the skull pattern (dolichocephalic, mesocephalic or brachycephalic), based on visual equivalence of right eurion- left eurion and glabella-opisthocranion anthropometric points, as well as the facial type (leptoprosopic, mesoprosopic and euryprosopic), according to the left and right zygomatic, nasion and gnation points. Following, a direct measurement was conducted with an anthropometer using the same landmarks for cranial width and length, as well as for facial width and height. Subsequently, both the facial index [euryprosopic (=80.9%), mesoprosopic (between 81% - 93%) and leptoprosopic (=93.1%)] and the cranial index [dolichocephalic (index = 75.9%), mesocephalic (between 76% - 81%), and brachycephalic (=81.1%)] were determined. Concordance between the indices obtained was calculated by direct and indirect measurement using the Kappa statistic.Results: A total of 313 students were enrolled; 172 (55%) were female and 141 (45%) male. The agreement between the direct and indirect facial index measurements was 0.189 (95% CI 0.117-0261), and the cranial index was 0.388 (95% CI 0.304-0.473), indicating poor concordance.Conclusions: No agreement was observed between direct measurements conducted with an anthropometer and indirect measurements via visual evaluation. Therefore, the indirect visual classification method is not appropriate to calculate the cranial and facial indices. © 2014 Torres-Restrepo et al.; licensee BioMed Central [email protected]