On the search for potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drugs: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxy-3-methylamino and 1,2,3-triazolic naphthoquinoidal compounds obtained by click chemistry reactions

Five 2-hydroxy-3-substituted-aminomethyl naphthoquinones, nine 1,2,3-triazolic para-naphthoquinones, five nor-beta-lapachone-based 1,2,3-triazoles, and several other naphthoquinonoid compounds were synthesized and evaluated against the infective bloodstream form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, continuing our screening program for new trypanocidal compounds. Among all the substances, 16-18, 23, 25-29 and 30-33 were herein described for the first time and fifteen substances were identified as more potent than the standard drug benznidazole, with IC50/24 h values in the range of 10.9-101.5 mu M. Compounds 14 and 19 with Selectivity Index of 18.9 and 6.1 are important structures for further studies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.CNPqCNPqFAPEMIGFAPEMIG [APQ-04166-10]FAPESPFAPESP [2009/14184-0, 2009/51812-0]PRONEMFACEPEPRONEM-FACEPE [APQ-232106/10]PRONEX-FAPERJ [E-26/110.574/2010]PRONEX, FAPERJCNE-FAPERJ [Proc. 101.579/2010]CNEFAPERJINCT_ifINCT_ifCAPESCAPE

Variabilidade espacial de plantas daninhas em dois sistemas de manejo de solo Spatial variability of weeds in two soil management systems

Estudos sobre a distribuição espacial das plantas daninhas são importantes no contexto agronômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a distribuição espacial de plantas daninhas em dois sistemas de manejo de solo. O estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Campo Mourão, PR, utilizado em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e preparo convencional do solo (PC). Estabeleceu-se uma malha referenciada em coordenadas x e y, totalizando 128 pontos amostrais. Avaliou-se a biomassa da parte aérea das plantas, a densidade de plantas, a densidade de Commelina benghalensis e a densidade de Bidens pilosa. Os dados foram submetidos à análise exploratória e à análise variográfica. A variabilidade espacial foi estudada através da geoestatística, mediante a análise de semivariogramas, interpolação por krigagem e construção de mapas de isolinhas. O alcance das variáveis biomassa e densidade de B. pilosa é maior no PD que no PC; para a variável densidade de plantas, o alcance é maior no PC. A distribuição espacial descrita por técnicas geoestatísticas, mostra seu potencial no mapeamento de plantas daninhas o que permite estratégias de manejo localizado e o estabelecimento de critérios para experimentos futuros.<br>Studies of spatial distribution of weeds are important in the agronomic and environmental context. The objective of this research was to describe the spatial distribution of weeds in two soil management systems. This study was accomplished in a Distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), located in Campo Mourão, Parana State, Brazil, in no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage of soil (CT). A grid was established in coordinated x and y, with 128 sampling points. The studied variables were biomass of shoot weeds, density of weeds, Commelina benghalensis density and Bidens pilosa density. Exploratory data analysis was used to evaluate distribution of variables as well as to adapt them for the spatial analysis. The spatial variability was studied using geostatistics by analysis of semivariograms, kriging interpolation and constructions of maps. The ranges of biomass and density of Bidens pilosa, were larger in NT than in the CT. For plant density range was larger in the PC. The spatial distribution described by geostatistics allowed weed mapping and its site specific management and the establishment of criteria for future experiments

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data