Analysis and evaluation of levels of awareness and understanding of fooball tactics by a game board

El siguiente estudio aborda la relación existente entre el plano de acción y el plano de representación de los sujetos, a través del papel que proporcionan los procesos de comprensión y toma de conciencia que suceden en el interior del individuo cuando se enfrenta a situaciones de juego que demanda un deporte no lineal, con características sumamente abiertas, como es el fútbol. El objetivo que pretendemos es analizar y evaluar la toma de conciencia y comprensión táctica del jugador infantil de fútbol base, desde la perspectiva funcional-estructural. Para ello, se ha utilizado un juego de tablero simulador de fútbol, diseñado a partir de la reglamentación básica que rige este deporte. La muestra utilizada está compuesta por ocho sujetos varones de categoría infantil, divididos en dos niveles de pericia: alto y bajo. Por tanto, se trata de un análisis centrado en el jugador (Garganta, 2001). Los ítems utilizados para realizar este análisis de la comprensión táctica de los jugadores se pueden categorizar siguiendo los principios tácticos de juego en fútbol que detalla Claude Bayer (1987). A su vez, los contenidos tácticos que se detallan en los ítems, se clasifican en aspectos tácticos de tipo individual -ofensivo y defensivo-, grupal -ofensivo y defensivo- y colectivo -ofensivo y defensivo-, siguiendo las clasificaciones propuestas por Fradua (1997), Garganta y Pinto (1997), Sánchez y Fradua (2001).The following study addresses the relationship between the level of action and the level of representation of the subject, through the paper that provide the processes of understanding and awareness that occur within the individual when confronted with game situations sport demands a nonlinear, with features very open, like football. The objective we intend to analyze and evaluate the awareness and tactical understanding of children's football player base, from the structural-functional perspective. For this, we used a board game football simulator, designed from the basic regulations governing the sport. The sample is composed of eight junior class male subjects, divided into two skill levels: high and low. Therefore, an analysis is centered on the player (throat, 2001). The items used for this analysis of tactical understanding of the players can be categorized according to the principles of tactical football game detailing Claude Bayer (1987). In turn, the contents listed in tactical items are classified in tactical aspects of individual type-offensive and defensive-, group-offensive and defensive-and collectiveoffensive and defensive-, following the classification proposed by Fradua (1997 ), Throat and Pinto (1997), Sanchez and Fradua (2001)

Obsessive and harmonious passion in physically active Spanish and Hungarian men and women: a brief report on cultural and gender differences

Increased research on passion in physical activity calls for direct examination of possible mediating variables that could influence the research outcome. The present study using a two by-two (nation by gender) between-participants design, examined whether gender and/or cultural differences in obsessive- and harmonious passion were present in Spanish and Hungarian physically active individuals. Participants (n=1,002) completed the Passion Scale, reported their gender, age, and weekly hours of physical activity. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that the experiencing of physical activity-related obsessive- and harmonious passion differed between the two countries and Hungarian women scored significantly higher on harmonious and obsessive passion than Spanish women. However, Hungarian men only scored significantly higher on obsessive passion, but not harmonious passion compared to Spanish men. These results suggest that the moderating role of gender and cultural differences should be addressed more carefully in conducting and interpreting results of research concerned with passion in physical activity

Análisis y evaluación de los niveles de toma de conciencia y comprensión táctica en fútbol por medio de un tablero de juego

The following study addresses the relationship between the level of action and the level of representation of the subject, through the paper that provide the processes of understanding and awareness that occur within the individual when confronted with game situations sport demands a nonlinear, with features very open, like football. The objective we intend to analyze and evaluate the awareness and tactical understanding of children's football player base, from the structural-functional perspective. For this, we used a board game football simulator, designed from the basic regulations governing the sport. The sample is composed of eight junior class male subjects, divided into two skill levels: high and low. Therefore, an analysis is centered on the player (throat, 2001). The items used for this analysis of tactical understanding of the players can be categorized according to the principles of tactical football game detailing Claude Bayer (1987). In turn, the contents listed in tactical items are classified in tactical aspects of individual type-offensive and defensive-, group-offensive and defensive-and collective-offensive and defensive-, following the classification proposed by Fradua (1997 ), Throat and Pinto (1997), Sanchez and Fradua (2001).El siguiente estudio aborda la relación existente entre el plano de acción y el plano de representación de los sujetos, a través del papel que proporcionan los procesos de comprensión y toma de conciencia que suceden en el interior del individuo cuando se enfrenta a situaciones de juego que demanda un deporte no lineal, con características sumamente abiertas, como es el fútbol. El objetivo que pretendemos es analizar y evaluar la toma de conciencia y comprensión táctica del jugador infantil de fútbol base, desde la perspectiva funcional-estructural. Para ello, se ha utilizado un juego de tablero simulador de fútbol, diseñado a partir de la reglamentación básica que rige este deporte. La muestra utilizada está compuesta por ocho sujetos varones de categoría infantil, divididos en dos niveles de pericia: alto y bajo. Por tanto, se trata de un análisis centrado en el jugador (Garganta, 2001). Los ítems utilizados para realizar este análisis de la comprensión táctica de los jugadores se pueden categorizar siguiendo los principios tácticos de juego en fútbol que detalla Claude Bayer (1987). A su vez, los contenidos tácticos que se detallan en los ítems, se clasifican en aspectos tácticos de tipo individual -ofensivo y defensivo-, grupal -ofensivo y defensivo- y colectivo -ofensivo y defensivo-, siguiendo las clasificaciones propuestas por Fradua (1997), Garganta y Pinto (1997), Sánchez y Fradua (2001)

The role of passion in exercise addiction, exercise volume, and exercise intensity in long-term exercisers

Recent studies have shown a relationship between the risk for exercise addiction (REA) and passion. This research examined whether levels of REA, volume of exercise (in weekly hours), and self-reported exercise intensities yield differences in obsessive passion and harmonious passion among individuals with long history of exercise. Respondents (n = 360) completed the Exercise Addiction Inventory, Passion Scale, and Borg Scale (assessing their usual exercise intensity), and reported their volume of exercise (hours per week). Regression analysis demonstrated that exercise intensity, obsessive passion, and harmonious passion were significant predictors (r2 = .381, p < .001) of the REA scores with obsessive passion being the strongest predictor (r2 = .318). Exercisers classified as at REA reported higher obsessive passion, harmonious passion, and exercise intensity (p ≤ .001) than those classified as symptomatic, who in turn scored higher on these measures (p ≤ .006) than asymptomatic exercisers. Participants reporting greater volumes of exercise also scored higher on obsessive passion, harmonious passion (p < .001), exercise intensity (p = .032), and REA scores (p = .042) than individuals who exercised less. Finally, women exercising between low and high intensities exhibited greater obsessive passion, as well as harmonious passion (p ≤ .005) than men reporting similar exercise intensities. These findings support the recently reported relationship between passion and REA. They also expand the current knowledge by demonstrating that obsessive passion and harmonious passion are greater in the individuals who exercise at higher volumes and with higher intensities

El modelo paralelo de procesamiento y la percepción de esfuerzo en corredores de fondo.

El objetivo del estudio es analizar el efecto de la atención sobre la percepción sujetiva de esfuerzo en corredores de fondo

Isso afeta o foco interno realmente no desempenho de corrida? A abordagem experimental para o efeito de foco de atenção

ABSTRACT: Up to now, the effects of attentional focus on performance in long distance running have showed controversial results, especially derived from methodological issues. It has been considered that an internal attentional focus on breathing increase the runner’s oxygen consumption, decreasing running economy. Nevertheless, none of these conclusion have controlled in real time if participants maintained the instructed attentional focus. We hypothesized that the controlled use of and internal vs. external attentional focus will not have an effect on running economy (oxygen consumption at a set speed) at a moderate intensity. A total of 30 (eight females) long distance runners, aged range from 18 to 50 years (M = 32,87, SD = 8,15) volunteered for the study. The experimental protocol consisted on three sessions (scheduled in three different days): (1) maximal incremental tread- mill test, (2) internal attentional focus, and (3) external attentional focus. During sessions 2 and 3, participants performed a 55 min treadmill run at moderate intensity (70% VO 2 max. Though a mobile application and a wireless controller it was possible to control for the first time if participants effectively maintained the requested attentional focus during the sessions. Results showed that there was not effect of attentional focus (internal vs. external) on running economy. We conclude that when the workload is controlled at a moderate intensity, runners are free to choose were to focus their attention without affecting their running economyRESUMEN: Hasta ahora, los estudios sobre los efectos del foco atencional so- bre el rendimiento en carreras de fondo han mostrado resultados controver- tidos, especialmente derivados de las metodológicas de estudio. Se ha suge- rido que un foco atencional interno, centrado en la respiración, aumenta el consumo de oxígeno del corredor, disminuyendo así la economía de carrera. Sin embargo, en los estudios realizados hasta la fecha no se ha controlado en tiempo real a nivel experimental el uso de un foco atencional concreto. Nuestra hipótesis establece que el uso controlado de un foco atencional interno o externo no tiene un efecto sobre la economía de carrera (con- sumo de oxígeno a una velocidad establecida) si se corre a una intensidad moderada. Un total de 30 corredores de larga distancia (ocho mujeres), con edades de 18 a 50 años (M = 32,87, DT = 8,15) participaron como volun- tarios. El protocolo experimental consistió un diseño intrasujeto realizado en tres sesiones: (1) prueba de esfuerzo para detectar el umbral aeróbico, (2) uso de un foco atencional interno, y (3) uso de un foco atencional externo. Durante las sesiones 2 y 3, los participantes realizaron 55 min carrera a intensidad moderada. Mediante el uso de una aplicación móvil y un mando inalámbrico patentados fue posible controlar, a nivel experimental, si los participantes mantenían eficazmente el foco atencional solicitado durante las sesiones. Los resultados muestran que no hubo efecto del uso del foco atencional interno o externo en la economía de carrera. Se concluye que, a una intensidad moderada, los corredores son libres de elegir se estrategia atencional sin que se afecte su rendimiento.RESUMO: Até agora, os efeitos de foco de atenção sobre o desempenho na corrida de longa distância têm mostrado resultados controversos, especial- mente derivados de questões metodológicas. Considerou-se que um foco de atenção interna na respiração aumentar o consumo de oxigênio do corredor, diminuindo economia de corrida. No entanto, nenhum destes conclusão têm controlado em tempo real, se os participantes mantiveram o foco de atenção as instruções. Nossa hipótese é que o uso controlado do e interna vs. foco atencional externo não vai ter um efeito sobre a economia de corrida (consumo de oxigênio a uma velocidade set) em uma intensidade moderada. Um total de 30 (oito mulheres) corredores de longa distância, faixa de idade entre 18 a 50 anos (M = 32,87; DP = 8,15) se voluntariou para o estudo. O protocolo experimental consistiu em três sessões: (1) teste máximo incre- mental em esteira, (2) foco de atenção interna, e (3) foco atencional externo. Durante as sessões de 2 e 3, os participantes realizaram uma corrida (55 min) em intensidade moderada. Os resultados mostraram que não houve efeito do foco atencional (interno vs. externo) sobre a economia de corrida. Conclui-se que, quando a carga de trabalho é controlado em uma intensida- de moderada, os corredores são livres para escolher se a centrar a sua atenção, sem afetar a economia de corrida