LE NIVEAU DE L’INTERACTION DE LA DIDACTIQUE DE FLE AVEC L’ART

RÉSUMÉ. Aujourd’hui, les courants pédagogiques modernes dans le domaine de la didactique des langues telle que l’approche interdisciplinaire permettent au linguiste de franchir les frontières de sa discipline afin d’acquérir un enseignement-apprentissage plus efficace, approprié à la situation d’apprentissage. Vu le vaste domaine de l’interdisciplinarité, nous allons nous borner aux interactions entre l’art et l’enseignement-apprentissage du français. Cet article s’interroge sur le niveau d’interaction entre l’art et la didactique de FLE en Iran. A cette fin, nous essaierons d’enrichir notre recherche par une enquête de terrain qui consistera à démontrer la place et la fonction de l’art dans l’enseignement / apprentissage du français en Iran. Nous nous penchons dans cette recherche sur les rapports bénéfiques entre la didactique de FLE et l’art, ces derniers sont basés sur les sensations, les émotions, les prédilections, etc. Notre objectif principal est de montrer en quoi l’interdisciplinarité peut être un atout pour les apprenants iraniens. Mots-clés : apprenant, art, didactique de FLE, interdisciplinarité.  ABSTRACT. Today, modern pedagogical trends in the field of language teaching as the interdisciplinary approach allows the linguist to cross borders of discipline in order to acquire more effective teaching-learning appropriate to the learning situation. Given the broad field of interdisciplinary, we will be limited ourselves to the interaction between art and the teaching and learning of French. This article examines the level of interaction between art and the teaching of FLE in Iran. To this end, we will try to enrich our research through field investigation will be to demonstrate the place and function of art in the teaching / learning of French in Iran. We focus in this research on the beneficial relationship between the teaching of FLE and art, they are based on sensations, emotions, predilections etc. Our main goal is to show how interdisciplinary can be an asset for Iranian students. Keywords: learner, art, didactics of french as a foreign language, interdisciplinary

The outcome of antibiotics as surgical prophylaxis in gynecological procedures - a retrospective study in a south Indian hospital

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome of antibiotics as surgical prophylactic measure for gynecological procedures in a south Indian Hospital.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 150 women who underwent caesarean, hysterectomies, Dilation and Curettage, myomectomy, operative vaginal delivery and were prescribed antibiotics. The data regarding demographic details, presenting complaints, parity, obstetrics history, diagnosis and need for surgery was evaluated.Results: A total of 206 women admitted with surgical procedures performed were taken into consideration of which 150 were prescribed antibiotics alone but 26 patients did not respond to treatment and were given other antibiotics, 30 patients were shifted to other specialist departments or other hospital for better treatment due to economic status, hence 150 patients formed the study population. The mean age was years. Patients above years were mostly seen.Conclusions: In our study, cefuroxime appeared to be effective in prophylaxis against infections. Metronidazole appeared to be ineffective compared to Cefuroxime. Combination of Cefuroxime and metronidazole was less effective compared to Amoxicillin and potassium clavunate. Cefazolin was commonly prescribed for gynecological procedures

Lifestyle intervention programme for Indian women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention (diet and physical activity) among women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), delivered by trained facilitators. Methods: Fifty-six normoglycaemic or prediabetic women with prior GDM were recruited at mean of 17 months postpartum. Socio-demographic, medical and anthropometric data were collected. Six sessions on lifestyle modification were delivered in groups (total four groups, with 12-15 women in each group). Pre and post intervention (6 months) weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure (BP) and lipid parameters were compared. Results: The intervention was feasible, with 80% of women attending four or more sessions. Post-intervention analyses showed a significant mean reduction of 1.8 kg in weight, 0.6 kg/m2 in BMI and 2 cm in waist circumference. There was also a significant drop of 0.3 mmol/L in fasting plasma glucose, 0.9 mmol/L in 2 h post glucose load value of plasma glucose, 3.6 mmHg in systolic BP, and 0.15 mmol/L in triglyceride levels. Changes in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and diastolic BP were non-significant. Conclusions: This study showed feasibility of the lifestyle intervention delivered in group sessions to women with prior gestational diabetes

Lifestyle intervention programme for Indian women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention (diet and physical activity) among women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), delivered by trained facilitators. Methods: Fifty-six normoglycaemic or prediabetic women with prior GDM were recruited at mean of 17 months postpartum. Socio-demographic, medical and anthropometric data were collected. Six sessions on lifestyle modification were delivered in groups (total four groups, with 12-15 women in each group). Pre and post intervention (6 months) weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure (BP) and lipid parameters were compared. Results: The intervention was feasible, with 80% of women attending four or more sessions. Post-intervention analyses showed a significant mean reduction of 1.8 kg in weight, 0.6 kg/m2 in BMI and 2 cm in waist circumference. There was also a significant drop of 0.3 mmol/L in fasting plasma glucose, 0.9 mmol/L in 2 h post glucose load value of plasma glucose, 3.6 mmHg in systolic BP, and 0.15 mmol/L in triglyceride levels. Changes in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and diastolic BP were non-significant. Conclusions: This study showed feasibility of the lifestyle intervention delivered in group sessions to women with prior gestational diabetes

Use of endo-ovarian tissue biopsy and pelvic aspirated fluid for the diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis by conventional versus molecular methods.

Til date, none of the diagnostic techniques available for the detection of female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) are 100% accurate. We therefore, proposed to use the endometrial tissue biopsies (ETBs), ovarian tissue biopsies (OTBs) and pelvic aspirated fluids (PAFs) for the diagnosis of FGTB among infertile women by conventional versus molecular methods.A total of 302 specimens were collected both from 202 infertile women highly suspected of having FGTB on laparoscopy examination and 100 control women of reproductive age. Out of 302 specimens, 150 (49.67%) were ETBs, 95 (31.46%) were OTBs and 57 (18.87%) were PAFs. All specimens were tested by conventional techniques, later compared with multi-gene PCR for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and correlated with laparoscopic findings. The presence of MTB DNA was observed in 49.5% of ETBs, 33.17% of OTBs and 5.44% of PAF specimens collected from highly suspected FGTB patients. All women of control group were confirmed as negative for tuberculosis. The conventional methods showed 99% to 100% specificity with a low sensitivity, ranging from 21.78% to 42.08% while hematoxylin and eosin staining showed a sensitivity of 51.48%. Multi-gene PCR was found to have much higher sensitivity of 70.29% with MTB64 gene, 86.63% with 19 kDa antigen gene at species and TRC4 element at regional MTB complex and 88.12% with 32 kDa protein gene at genus level. The specificity of multi-gene PCR was 100%. Compared with culturing and Ziehl-Neelsen's staining, multi-gene PCR demonstrated improvement in the detection of FGTB (χ2 = 214.612, 1 df, McNemar's test value <0.0001).We suggest site specific sampling, irrespective of sample type and amplification of the 19 kDa antigen gene in combination with TRC4 element as a successful multi-gene PCR for the diagnosis of FGTB and differentiation of mycobacterial infection among endo-ovarian tissue biopsies and PAFs taken from infertile women

Demographic and clinical findings of FGTB cases and control groups (n = 302).

<p><b>Note</b>: Some patients had more than one abnormal finding; Data are presented as mean ± Standard Deviation (SD); n: number of patients; %: percentage.</p

2.5% Agarose Gel Electrophoresis was carried out with Multi-gene/multi-primer PCR products.

<p>Lanes in the first row (118 to 136) were loaded with PCR products of FGTB patients; Lanes in the second row (C7 to C20) were loaded with PCR products of control patients; Lane +Ve Ctrl was loaded with positive Reference Strain (<i>M. tuberculosis</i>, ATCC 35836); Lane –Ve Ctrl was loaded with negative control (H₂O); Lane 50 bp marker was loaded with 50 base pair (bp) molecular weight ladder (50 bp size of product starts from the bottom side of gel and ends with 650 bp product on the top/upper side of the gel), The band corresponding to 131 bp was noted as 19 kDa antigen gene, 173 bp was noted as TRC4 element, 240 bp was noted as MPB64 gene, 506 bp was noted as 32 kDa protein/MPT59 α- antigen gene. Primer dimers were also noted at the bottom during the end of sample run.</p

Laparoscopic/Hysteroscopic findings of infertile women suspected with female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) cases and control groups. Note

<p>: Some patients had more than one abnormal finding.</p

Comparative analysis of methods for detection of FGTB cases-control groups (n = 302).

<p><b>Abbreviations</b>: Multi-gene PCR: Multi-gene/multi-primer Polymerase Chain Reaction; H & E staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin; L-J egg medium: Lowenstein-Jensen; AFB+Ve: Acid fast bacilli positive; Z-N staining: Ziehl-Neelsen's; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; 19 kDa (131 bp): 19 kDa antigen gene; TRC4 (173 bp): TRC4 element; MPB64 (240 bp): MPB64 antigen gene; 32 kDa (506 bp): 32 kDa protein (MTP-59 α-antigen) gene. FGTB: female genital tuberculosis. The following terms were described based on demographic details, clinical symptoms, and hysteroscopic/laparoscopic findings of infertile women highly suspected with female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) and control women (without tuberculosis): <b>True Positive</b>: Infertile women with asymptomatic clinical presentations; radiologically may or may not be indicating tuberculosis (TB); positive diagnosis of TB on laparoscopic examinations; Indication of proliferative solid epitheliod granulomas, dense polymorphornuclear cells etc on histopathology; demonstration of acid fast bacilli in culture, Z-N staining of menstrual blood fluids, pelvic aspirated fluids and endo-ovarian tissue biopsies; detection of mycobacetrial DNA on multi gene PCR; and positive response to assisted reproductive technology (ART) after anti TB therapy among suspected FGTB cases. <b>True Negatives</b>: Fertile and healthy women; radiologically negative for TB; normal diagnosis (without TB) or absence of abnormal clinical findings on laparoscopic examinations; normal or negative finding on histopathology; absence of tubercle bacilli in culture and AFB negative on Z-N staining of menstrual blood or pelvic aspirated fluids or endo-ovarian tissue biopsies; absence of mycobacetrial DNA on multi gene PCR; Anti TB therapy is not required. <b>False Positive</b>: Detection of TB among control women (group without TB) by conventional and molecular methods; detection of TB among fertile and healthy women/negative findings of TB on laparoscopic examination. <b>False Negative</b>: Detection of negative TB by conventional and molecular methods among infertile asymptomatic women highly suspected of FGTB and among women diagnosed with positive TB on laparoscopic examinations.</p