Relaparotomy after caesarean section: a retrospective observational study in a tertiary medical college

Background: Relaparotomy is the term which defines operations performed within 60days after the initial surgery. Ralaparotomy following caesarean section may happen and that’s why a study was done to evaluate the risk factors, indications, procedures done during relaparotomy after caesarean section.Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology in burdwan medical college and hospital for a period of 3years from 1June 2019 to 31 May 2022. Total 32 cases required relaparotomy following caesarean section.Results: In this study, there were 25,527 caesarean deliveries out of 56,145 total deliveries over 3years time period. Among caesarean deliveries 32 cases underwent relaparotomy (0.12%). In most of the cases relaparotomies were due to intraperitoneal haemorrhage, rectus sheath hematoma, postpartum haemorrhage. Indications of cesarean section were severe preeclampsia, non-progress of labour, abruption, post cesarean section with scar tenderness, meconium-stained liquor with fetal distress. Most of the women were in the age group of 20-30 years. Resuturing of the bleeding points were done in most of the cases.Conclusions: As a lifesaving procedure, decision of relaparotomy should be taken as soon as possible. Proper hemostasis need to be ensured before closure of abdomen, as intraperitoneal haemorrhage is the most common indications for relaparotomy

Constructing New Asymptotically de-Sitter Cosmological Solutions in (2+1)-Dimensions

In this work we find novel warped Kerr-de Sitter cosmological solution to the Einsteins field equa- tions in ( 2 + 1 ) − dimensions, modified by a Chern-Simons term. To start with we review the exact solutions of Einsteins field equations including the Penrose diagrams for highly symmetric space- times like that of Minkowski, de Sitter, anti-de Sitter and FLRW spacetimes. Next we review BTZ Black hole and their geometry for both rotating and non-rotating black holes. Balasubramanian and et. al. had found topologically non-trivial de Sitter (dS) solutions in (2 + 1)- dimensions, which are dubbed Kerr de Sitter and singular de Sitter quotients with Big bang/big crunch type singularities are also reviewed. Gravity in ( 2 + 1 ) − dimensions is reviewed as a simpler warm up problem to the ( 3 + 1 ) − dimensional case. In ( 2 + 1 ) − dimensions an additional Chern-Simon term is added to the Einstein-Hilbert action, this produces new interesting solutions. The introduction of the Chern-Simons term results in the non-zero mass of the graviton, thus giving us topologically massive gravity solutions. The warped AdS 3 and warped dS 3 spaces are also reviewed together with spacelike stretched warped AdS 3 black holes. Finally we write down the\ud war ped Kerr − dS 3 solutions to the topological massive gravity(TMG) equation of motion