Some Reflections on the Liability of States for International Illicit Acts

The authors aim to foray in the institution of international responsibility, addressing constituent issues of international responsibility. Accountability is the general international law whichestablishes a legal relationship exclusively between two or more subjects of international law. International responsibility of a state can only be driven by another subject of international law whose international subjective right he violated (breach). If a Member suffers an injury directly and immediately, he may apply directly responsible for such State to obtain reparation. Rather, the injury suffered by a particular breach (violation) of international law does not provide, thereby, as a victim toobtain redress in international courts. A state - and can attract international responsibility only if the author of an international fact illegal. There is a wrongful act of the state, where: a) conduct consisting of an action or omission may be attributed (imputed), in accordance with international law, rule, and b)that conduct constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State. The doctrine generally recognized international scope of these two elements gives rise to international responsibility of thestate

Numerical Simulation of Fiber Laser Operated in Passively QSwitched and Mode-Locked Regimes

The aim of this chapter is to highlight the role of simulation methods as tools for analysis of low and medium average power fiber laser operated in passively Q-switched and/or mode-locking regimes into the design of various applications such as materials micro-processing of sensor applications. The chapter’s purpose consists in making available to specialists in the field of lasers, electro-optics and even nano-photonics improved procedures for designing high-accuracy remote sensors dedicated to large range of laboratory, industrial and military applications. The reason that this chapter deals with passive optical Q-switching and mode-locking techniques tailored for fiber lasers is the high percentage of sensing devices operating in this regime. Numerical simulation results obtained for this class of laser emitters can be used for other types of lasers, such as optical fiber lasers. There are briefly presented the two main mathematical methods used to analyze solid laser oscillators in passive optical Q-switching regime: the coupled rate equations approach and the iterative approach. The validation of the presented numerical simulation methods is done by comparison with experimental results

Study regarding the situation of agricultural consultancy in the North-East Region of Romania

The undertaken study aimed to diagnose the situation of agricultural consultancy from the North – East Region of Romania, 12 years after its foundation. For the realization of the study the questionnaires method has been utilized which have been completed by a number of 80 agricultural consultancy specialists from 6 counties in the North – East Region. From the responses analysis, the following aspects emerged. All persons that ensure consultancy develop general activities from all fields of agriculture. There is a shortage of specialists, a person providing services to several thousand farmers. The consultants have benefited from training courses in consultancy, a short period of time, 2-8 weeks, fact that reflects on the services rendered. The local consultancy centres have a precarious endowment (office, computer, telephone), lacking transport means, training rooms, endowment with specific auxiliary means. Between consultancy methods, the biggest share is held by individual office consultancy. Group consultancy, which has the highest efficiency, is done sporadically because of reduced financial means. A lack of interest from local authorities is manifested for consultancy activity. Specialists are unhappy with the level of salaries, reduced training possibilities, high work volume, lack of endowment and transport means, and political interference in the recruitment process.Peer reviewe

An evaluation of the effects of rural development policies in the North-East Region of Romania

peer reviewedaudience: researcher, professional, popularizationThe European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) holds as principal objectives, as they were outlined in the Treaty of Rome, the following: increase productivity, by promoting technical innovation and ensuring optimum use of factors of production, ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, stabilize agricultural markets, secure availability of agricultural supplies and provide consumers with food at reasonable prices. Over time, and depending on certain factors, new secondary objectives have been added such as: environmental protection, biodiversity, animal welfare, enhancement of rural areas. In the North-East Region of Romania, the impact of rural development policies implemented through the National Rural Development Programme (NRDP) has been assessed at regional and local level utilizing a combined analysis of statistical databases.Strategies regarding the promotion of agro-tourism and rural tourism in the hidrographic basins of the Slanic, Oituz and Casin rivers – Bacau County in order to ensure sustainable rural developmen

Biological therapy in the treatment of melanoma

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive tumors and its incidence is on the rise. The low rates of survival in metastatic melanoma has led to the development of new drugs for this type of patient, such as biological therapy which has shown remarkable results. This therapy is based on stimulation of the immune system to fight tumoral cells through: injection of cytokines with immunomodulatory properties (interleukin-2, alpha-interferon), vaccination with tumor antigens or immune cells that process tumor antigens, adoptive immunotherapy, inhibition of immune checkpoints (PD-1, CTLA-4), inhibition or stimulation of immune modulator molecules (OX-40, LAG-3), inhibition of signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation (Raf/MAPK/ERK signaling pathway), or administration of oncolytic viruses. Biological therapy in melanoma has shown promise in laboratory and clinical studies, with more therapeutic targets to be revealed as new molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease are discovered