The role of oral anaerobic bacteria, and influence of social and health factors in halitosis aethiology

The aim of this work was to identify the bacteria associated with halitosis, and by questionnaire to test whether diet, oral hygiene habits and illness factors were associated with bacterial amounts in the oral cavity and the Il-1α/Il-1β polymorphism. Bad breath is a frequent problem in Latvia and for many patients may cause important emotional and psychological distress. As there are different causes of halitosis, this might be also reflected in the bacterial community of the oral cavity. The concentration of bacteria in the oral cavity was significantly higher in halitosis patients than in the studied control group, who did not complain about halitosis. The PCR results corresponded with halimetric values. The main cause of halitosis was found to be oral pathology - increased amounts of oral anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythietensis, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Histopathological Findings of Oral Mucosa in Smokeless Tobacco Users : Case Report

Funding Information: We are grateful for help and support from the Department of Biology and Microbiology, Rīgas Stradiņa University. Funding Information: This research has been developed with financing from the European Social Fund and the Latvian state budget within project no. 8.2.2.0/20/I/004 ᰀSupport for involving doctoral students in scientific research and studies ? at Rīga Stradiņš University. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Miļuna et al.Background: New tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco, are becoming more popular every year. In talking with our patients, we determined several reasons for that trend. The sale of these products is prohibited in many countries; hence, people obtain the product illegally. This is important, since when these products are stored under inappropriate conditions and temperatures, the quality and properties of the product change, including their carcinogenic properties. Sometimes people use a lot of this product or more than one tobacco product daily. It is challenging for dental practitioners to question their patients about tobacco consumption and more challenging to visually detect oral mucosal changes, because patients usually do not have concerns or they do not pay attention. Methods: In the two cases presented here, the patients did not have any pain, nor did they notice when the lesions appeared. These patients used conventional cigarettes for some time and then switched to smokeless tobacco due to relocation to Latvia. Soft tissue excision was performed and sent for histopathological examination. Results: The findings were proliferation of oral epithelial cells from buccal region, their overgrowth, an excessive amount of fibroblasts, cell destruction and necrosis, and a large amount of inflammatory cells, eosinophil leukocytes, and plasma cells. Conclusion: We can conclude that these intraoral findings are important risk factors for possibly developing precancerous lesions. Such mucosal changes can occur with different forms of tobacco, including Swedish snus and betel leaves. Dental practitioners should always question patients about tobacco use and regularly check for mucosal changes for early detection.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Influence of antibiotic-impregnated biomaterials on inflammatory cytokines

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The Correlation of Swedish Snus, Nicotine Pouches and Other Tobacco Products with Oral Mucosal Health and Salivary Biomarkers

Funding Information: This research was funded by the European Social Fund and Latvian state budget within the project no. 8.2.2.0/20/l/004 “Support for involving doctoral students in scientific research and studies” at Rīga Stradiņš University. Funding Information: We are grateful for help and support from the Department of Biology and Microbiology, Rīgas Stradiņa University. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.In society, tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco products, such as snus and nicotine pouches, are becoming more attractive. There is still a lack of information regarding the effects of these products on the oral mucosa and oral saliva biomarkers. The aim of this study is to evaluate oral mucosa and the presence of inflammatory biomarkers IL-6, IL-1, IL-8, TNF alpha and LRG-1 in saliva. Respondents were divided in four groups based on their tobacco product usage. Oral examination was carried out, saliva samples were taken, and the detection of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1, TNF alpha and LRG-1 levels in saliva was carried out. Out of the tobacco users, 30.8% were snus users, 48.7% were cigarette users and 20.5% were e-cigarette users. The control group was composed of respondents who did not use any tobacco products. E-cigarettes were used more by women, but snus was used more by men. Mucosal changes were seen in the group of snus users, and mucosal changes were only seen in men who had used 5–10 tobacco units per day for 5–10 years. Increased IL-6 levels in saliva were detected in respondents who also experienced mucosal changes. Mucosal changes were white, leathery and localized at the site where snus sachets were placed. Saliva, as an easily available biofluid, could be used as a first tool to detect potentially precancerous signs, but the LRG1 marker cannot be used as a prognostic marker.publishersversionPeer reviewe

An In Vitro and In Vivo Study on the Intensity of Adhesion and Colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Originally Synthesized Biomaterials With Different Chemical Composition and Modified Surfaces and Their Effect on Expression of TNF-alpha, beta-Defensin 2 and IL-10 in Tissues

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An in vitro and in vivo study on the intensity of adhesion and colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on originally synthesized biomaterials with different chemical composition and modified surfaces and their effect on expression of TNF-α, β-defensin 2 and IL-10 in tissues

The aim of this study was to determine adhesion and colonization of bacteria on the surface of originally synthesized glass-ceramic biomaterials and their effect on inflammation reactions in tissues surrounding the implant. Materials and Methods: Biomaterial discs were contaminated with bacterial suspensions of 10, 102, and 103 colony forming units (CFU)/mL (P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228), and after 2 hours of cultivation, the intensity of bacterial adhesion was determined. For in vivo tests, the samples were contaminated with 102, and 103 CFU/mL cultivated at 37°C for 2 h to ensure bacterial adhesion. Contaminated biomaterial samples were implanted in the interscapular area of chinchilla rabbits for 2 and 4 weeks. The biomaterials were removed, and using plate count and sonification methods, bacterial colonization on the surface of biomaterials was determined. Moreover, the expression of TNF-α, β-defensin 2, and IL-10 in the surrounding tissues was assessed by using immunohistochemistry methods. Results: P. aeruginosa more intensively colonized biomaterials in the in vivo study as compared with S. epidermidis. Il-10 is a regulatory cytokine, which reduces the intensity of inflammatory cell activity, thus reducing nonspecific resistance of the organism. Conclusions: The expression of TNF-α and IL-10 was not affected by short (2 and 4 weeks) biomaterial implantation. Pronounced cytokine expression in tissues around implanted biomaterials contaminated with P. aeruginosa was observed.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Antibacterial Efficiency of Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials with Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Polycaprolactone Polymers Saturated with Antibiotics

Publisher Copyright: © 2016 by Ingus Skadiņš. Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Infections continue to spread in all fields of medicine, and especially in the field of implant biomaterial surgery, and not only during the surgery, but also after surgery. Reducing the adhesion of bacteria could decrease the possibility of biomaterial-associated infections. Bacterial adhesion could be reduced by local antibiotic release from the biomaterial. In this in vitro study, hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics and biodegradable polymers were tested for their ability to reduce bacteria adhesion and biofilm development. This study examined the antibacterial efficiency of hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics and biodegradable polymers against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study found that hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics and biodegradable polymers show longer antibacterial properties than hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics against both bacterial cultures. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrated that biomaterials that are coated with biodegradable polymers release antibiotics from biomaterial samples for a longer period of time and may be useful for reducing bacterial adhesion on orthopedic implants.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Halitosis. Doctoral Thesis

Promocijas darbs izstrādāts Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Bioloģijas un mikrobioloģijas katedrā, zobārstniecības klīnikā Rīgā, Baznīcas ielā 45 – 2A. Aizstāvēšana: 2013. gada 26. augustā plkst. 15.00 Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Teorētiskās medicīnas promocijas padomes atklātā sēdē Rīgā, Dzirciema ielā 16, Hipokrāta auditorijā.Tēma par nepatīkamu elpu ieguvusi daudzus interesentus arī Latvijā. Līdz 20. gs. beigām par halitozi jeb par nepatīkamu elpu no mutes nebija pieņemts runāt ne tikai Latvijā, bet arī Eiropā. Vairāku gadsimtu sliktas elpas pētījumi norāda, ka halitozei ir orāla izcelsme. Pētnieciskā darba tēma ir aktuāla arī, jo skar plašu populācijas daļu un ietver dažādas vecuma grupas. Darba mērķis ir pētīt orālas halitozes diagnostikas un ārstēšanas iespējas. Sliktas elpas diagnostikas kartes jautājumi skaidri norāda tos iesējamos halitozes slimniekus, kuri nav izdarījuši nekādas darbības halitozes novēršanai, iespējams tādēļ, ka komunikācija ar apkārtējiem ir apgrūtināta. Karte arī palīdz atpazīt tos klīniskos gadījumus, kuri reti apmeklē ārstu, iespējams, sāpju un cita diskomforta spiesti, par ko liecina asiņojošas smaganas, ekstrahēti zobi. Lielākā daļa pacientu nezin halitozes iemeslu un neko nav darījuši. Halimetriskie mērījumi, kas raksturo halitozes intensitāti, ir tiešā un ciešā korelācijā ar anaerobo baktēriju koncentrācijām. Visizteiktāko korelāciju ar halimetriskajiem mērījumiem ir Porphyromonas gingivalis, pēc tam Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia un Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (p 10^7 DNS kopiju skaits/ml) bakteriālās koncentrācija. Halitozes slimnieku anaerobo baktēriju koncentrācijas ir tiešā korelācijā ar halimetriskajiem mērījumiem

Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Halitosis. Summary of the Doctoral Thesis

Promocijas darbs izstrādāts Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Bioloģijas un mikrobioloģijas katedrā, zobārstniecības klīnikā Rīgā, Baznīcas ielā 45 – 2A. Aizstāvēšana: 2013. gada 26. augustā plkst. 15.00 Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Teorētiskās medicīnas promocijas padomes atklātā sēdē Rīgā, Dzirciema ielā 16, Hipokrāta auditorijā.Tēma par nepatīkamu elpu ieguvusi daudzus interesentus arī Latvijā. Līdz 20. gs. beigām par halitozi jeb par nepatīkamu elpu no mutes nebija pieņemts runāt ne tikai Latvijā, bet arī Eiropā. Vairāku gadsimtu sliktas elpas pētījumi norāda, ka halitozei ir orāla izcelsme. Pētnieciskā darba tēma ir aktuāla arī, jo skar plašu populācijas daļu un ietver dažādas vecuma grupas. Darba mērķis ir pētīt orālas halitozes diagnostikas un ārstēšanas iespējas. Sliktas elpas diagnostikas kartes jautājumi skaidri norāda tos iesējamos halitozes slimniekus, kuri nav izdarījuši nekādas darbības halitozes novēršanai, iespējams tādēļ, ka komunikācija ar apkārtējiem ir apgrūtināta. Karte arī palīdz atpazīt tos klīniskos gadījumus, kuri reti apmeklē ārstu, iespējams, sāpju un cita diskomforta spiesti, par ko liecina asiņojošas smaganas, ekstrahēti zobi. Lielākā daļa pacientu nezin halitozes iemeslu un neko nav darījuši. Halimetriskie mērījumi, kas raksturo halitozes intensitāti, ir tiešā un ciešā korelācijā ar anaerobo baktēriju koncentrācijām. Visizteiktāko korelāciju ar halimetriskajiem mērījumiem ir Porphyromonas gingivalis, pēc tam Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia un Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (p 10^7 DNS kopiju skaits/ml) bakteriālās koncentrācija. Halitozes slimnieku anaerobo baktēriju koncentrācijas ir tiešā korelācijā ar halimetriskajiem mērījumiem

Orālās halitozes diagnostika un ārstēšana. Promocijas darba kopsavilkums

Promotion work has been worked out: at Rīga Stradiņš University Department of Biology and Microbiology and private dental practice in Rīga, 45-2A Baznīcas Street. Defence: on 26th of August, 2013 at 15.00 of Rīga Stradiņš University Fundamental Science open meeting of Promotion Council in Riga, 16 Dzirciema Street, Hippocrate auditorium.Many scientists have acquired extensive interest in this oftentimes concealed subject in the last century. Up until the end of the 20th century, halitosis and bad breath was an uncommon subject not only in Latvia, but also in Europe. Bad breath studies carried out over several centuries indicate that halitosis has oral origins. The research of this study is important, because it affects a wide array of population and various age groups. The aim is to study the diagnosis and treatment opportunities of oral halitosis. The responses to the questionnaire given by halitosis patients clearly indicate that most patients who are aware of the problem have taken no action, even though they know that communication with others has become difficult. This suggests that patients do not regularly visit a dentist, perhaps only when a visit cannot be avoided, which is also suggested by association of bad breath with other dental problems (bleeding gums and extracted teeth). Most of the patients do not know the reason for malodour, and have not taken any actions. The level of halitosis, estimated by halimeter readings, was clearly associated with bacterial amounts. The main bacteria contributing to malodour was Porphyromonas gingivalis which explained 52% of the variability in halimeter readings (r=0.72). Further 20% of the residual variation was explained by Tannerella forsythietensis and Treponema denticola. The results show that bacterial testing should focus on Porphyromonas gingivalis, but noncovariable variation in malodour was also explained by Tannerella forsythietensis and Treponema denticola. That corresponds with experimental studies, where VSC were produced by oral anaerobic bacteria. The main cause of halitosis is oral pathology – increased amounts of oral anaerobic bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia. There were few differences between genders, risk factors, and age with regard to bacterial amounts in periodontal pockets. The concentration of bacteria in the oral cavity is significantly higher in halitosis patients than in the studied control group, who do not complain about halitosis. The PCR examinations correspond with halimetric examinations