54 research outputs found

    Phoebe Apperson Hearst Papers

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    Expanding Efficiency: Women\u27s Communication in Engineering

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    As engineering fields strive to be more inclusive of women, focusing on perceptions of women\u27s work is vital to understanding how women can succeed and the limitations they may face. One area in need of more attention is the connection between communication and women\u27s experiences in engineering. This article examines the gendered nature of writing labor in engineering, focusing on case studies of three women who were able to use writing effectively, yet how communication emerged as a gendered form of labor subject to gendered perceptions. While these women\u27s communication skills led to professional success, their association with writing echoes a historical division, where writing is viewed as less valuable than technical knowledge. This division has the potential to disadvantage women who are asked to take on more writing-related tasks. In addition, their writing and communication are subject to gendered perceptions of being ‘chatty’ or blunt rather than effective or efficient. Articulating these perceptions and attitudes can lead to a breakdown of the binary between writing and technical labor as well as appropriately valuing the contributions women make in engineering through writing

    The emergence of modern statistics in agricultural science : Analysis of variance, experimental design and the reshaping of research at Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1919–1933

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    During the twentieth century statistical methods have transformed research in the experimental and social sciences. Qualitative evidence has largely been replaced by quantitative results and the tools of statistical inference have helped foster a new ideal of objectivity in scientific knowledge. The paper will investigate this transformation by considering the genesis of analysis of variance and experimental design, statistical methods nowadays taught in every elementary course of statistics for the experimental and social sciences. These methods were developed by the mathematician and geneticist R. A. Fisher during the 1920s, while he was working at Rothamsted Experimental Station, where agricultural research was in turn reshaped by Fisher’s methods. Analysis of variance and experimental design required new practices and instruments in field and laboratory research, and imposed a redistribution of expertise among statisticians, experimental scientists and the farm staff. On the other hand the use of statistical methods in agricultural science called for a systematization of information management and made computing an activity integral to the experimental research done at Rothamsted, permanently integrating the statisticians’ tools and expertise into the station research programme. Fisher’s statistical methods did not remain confined within agricultural research and by the end of the 1950s they had come to stay in psychology, sociology, education, chemistry, medicine, engineering, economics, quality control, just to mention a few of the disciplines which adopted them

    The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

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    Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

    L’effet Matthieu Mathilda en sciences

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    Dans son autobiographie Enigmas of Chance, le mathĂ©maticien Mark Kac dĂ©crit le voyage qu’il a effectuĂ© en Pologne, en 1980, pour prononcer un discours Ă  la mĂ©moire d’un physicien pratiquement tombĂ© dans l’oubli : Marian Smoluchowski. Cet oubli, Kac l’attribue non pas Ă  sa mort prĂ©maturĂ©e Ă  l’ñge de 45 ans, Ă  la longueur de son nom, ou mĂȘme au fait que sa carriĂšre s’est dĂ©roulĂ©e en Europe de l’Est, mais Ă  l’« effet Matthieu » : ses rĂ©alisations ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©clipsĂ©es par celles d’Albert Einstein, q..

    Sciences et genre : l’activitĂ© scientifique des femmes

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    Cette publication est issue du travail menĂ© dans le cadre du sĂ©minaire du Cedref des annĂ©es 2000 Ă  2003. DiffĂ©rentes initiatives autour des questions de la place des femmes dans la recherche ont trouvĂ© une nouvelle actualitĂ© dans la foulĂ©e des dĂ©bats sur la paritĂ© en politique au tournant des annĂ©es 2000. Dans notre sĂ©minaire "Sciences et Genre" ; dans le cadre d’une formation de troisiĂšme cycle, nous avons engagĂ© une dĂ©marche originale afin de montrer les processus de production et de reproduction des mĂ©canismes de discrimination sur la place des femmes dans les laboratoires. Nous avons privilĂ©giĂ© les domaines de recherches qui sont longtemps apparus comme des bastions masculins, mathĂ©matiques, informatique, physique et dans une moindre mesure, compte tenu des Ă©volutions au cours des trente derniĂšres annĂ©es, biologie et mĂ©decine. Notre perspective a Ă©tĂ© de nous interroger sur les pratiques scientifiques dans les laboratoires, les relations de travail, l’organisation du travail et la division des tĂąches ; le choix des thĂ©matiques de recherche ; l’accĂšs au financement, la valorisation des recherches et l’attribution du mĂ©rite. Nous avons privilĂ©giĂ© une dĂ©marche de sociologie des sciences visant l’analyse des mĂ©canismes de division sexuelle du travail et de la construction sociale du fĂ©minin et du masculin. La premiĂšre annĂ©e 2000-2001 a Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©e aux exposĂ©s de chercheuses dans le domaine des sciences exactes ou expĂ©rimentales en nous adressant, pour la plus grande part d’entre elles, Ă  des collĂšgues avec lesquelles nous avions dĂ©jĂ  menĂ© des collaborations dans le cadre des rĂ©seaux de recherches fĂ©ministes. La deuxiĂšme annĂ©e est poursuivie par l’approfondissement des thĂ©matiques rĂ©currentes apparues au cours de la premiĂšre annĂ©e de travail. Nous remercions l’ensemble des participantes pour la convivialitĂ© et la qualitĂ© des Ă©changes produits dans ces sĂ©ances. Dans le mĂȘme temps nous avons Ă©tĂ© amenĂ©es Ă  sĂ©lectionner un choix de textes anglo-saxons pour lesquels le ministĂšre de la recherche et la jeune mission pour la paritĂ© nous ont encouragĂ©es intellectuellement et financiĂšrement en attribuant une subvention pour leur traduction. C’est Ă  Ilana Löwy que nous devons le choix de ces textes et de la bibliographie des travaux anglophones ; nous la remercions chaleureusement pour sa contribution. L’annĂ©e 2002-2003 a donc Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©e avec les Ă©tudiants inscrits en DEA ou en thĂšse Ă  la discussion de ces textes. Cette publication se compose de deux parties : La premiĂšre partie prĂ©sente des textes de Margaret W. Rossiter, Londa Schiebinger, Evelyn Fox Keller, Elisabeth A. Kerr et Wendy Faulkner, traduits de l’anglais par IrĂšne Jami et relus par HĂ©lĂšne Rouch, prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©s d’une introduction en direction d’un lectorat français d’étudiants, d’enseignants et de chercheurs. MĂȘme si ces textes ont dĂ©jĂ  connu une certaine diffusion, Ă©tant donnĂ© leur importance et la rĂ©putation de leurs auteurs, la traduction reste Ă  nos yeux un outil de travail indispensable pour permettre la confrontation de perspectives thĂ©oriques diffĂ©rentes entre chercheurs anglophones et francophones. La deuxiĂšme partie propose une synthĂšse des discussions tenues au cours des deux premiĂšres annĂ©es du sĂ©minaire. Nous avons utilisĂ© une partie du matĂ©riel de ces sĂ©ances quand elles avaient Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es et nous offrons ainsi Ă  la discussion quelques de pistes de rĂ©flexion qui, nous l’espĂ©rons, pourront ĂȘtre poursuivies et reprises dans d’autres publications
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