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Genotoxicity and epigenotoxicity of carbazole-derived molecules on mcf-7 breast cancer cells
The carbazole compounds PK9320 (1-(9-ethyl-7-(furan-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine) and PK9323 (1-(9-ethyl-7-(thiazol-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine), second-generation analogues of PK083 (1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine), restore p53 signaling in Y220C p53-mutated cancer cells by binding to a mutation-induced surface crevice and acting as molecular chaperones. In the present paper, these three molecules have been tested for mutant p53-independent genotoxic and epigenomic effects on wild-type p53 MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells, employing a combination of Western blot for phospho-γH2AX histone, Comet assay and methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed PCR to analyze their intrinsic DNA damageinducing and DNA methylation-changing abilities. We demonstrate that small modifications in the substitution patterns of carbazoles can have profound effects on their intrinsic genotoxic and epigenetic properties, with PK9320 and PK9323 being eligible candidates as “anticancer compounds” and “anticancer epi-compounds” and PK083 a “damage-corrective” compound on human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Such different properties may be exploited for their use as anticancer agents and chemical probes
Cytotoxic capability and the associated proteomic profile of cell-free coelomic fluid extracts from the edible sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa on HepG2 liver cancer cells
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive cancer histotype and one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. The identification of compounds that might intervene to restrain neoplastic cell growth appears imper-ative due to its elevated overall mortality. The marine environment represents a reservoir rich in bioactive com-pounds in terms of primary and secondary metabolites produced by aquatic animals, mainly invertebrates. In the present study, we determined whether the water-soluble cell-free extract of the coelomic fluid (CFE) of the edible sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa could play an anti-HCC role in vitro by analyzing the viability and locomotory behavior, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and autophagy modulation, mitochondrial function and cell redox state of HepG2 HCC cells. We showed that CFE causes an early block in the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, which is coupled to oxidative stress promotion, autophagosome depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction ultimately leading to apoptotic death. We also performed a proteomic analysis of CFE identifying a number of proteins that are seemingly responsible for anti-cancer effects. In conclusion, H. tubulosa’s CFE merits further investigation to develop novel promising anti-HCC prevention and/or treatment agents and also beneficial supplements for formu-lation of functional foods and food packaging material
Biological and Proteomic Characterization of the Anti-Cancer Potency of Aqueous Extracts from Cell-Free Coelomic Fluid of Arbacia lixula Sea Urchin in an In Vitro Model of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Echinoderms are an acknowledged source of bioactive compounds exerting various beneficial
effects on human health. Here, we examined the potential in vitro anti-hepatocarcinoma effects
of aqueous extracts of the cell-free coelomic fluid obtained from the sea urchin Arbacia lixula using
the HepG2 cell line as a model system. This was accomplished by employing a combination of
colorimetric, microscopic and flow cytometric assays to determine cell viability, cell cycle distribution,
the possible onset of apoptosis, the accumulation rate of acidic vesicular organelles, mitochondrial
polarization, cell redox state and cell locomotory ability. The obtained data show that exposed HepG2
cells underwent inhibition of cell viability with impairment of cell cycle progress coupled to the
onset of apoptotic death, the induction of mitochondrial depolarization, the inhibition of reactive
oxygen species production and acidic vesicular organelle accumulation, and the block of cell motile
attitude. We also performed a proteomic analysis of the coelomic fluid extract identifying a number
of proteins that are plausibly responsible for anti-cancer effects. Therefore, the anti-hepatocarcinoma
potentiality of A. lixula’s preparation can be taken into consideration for further studies aimed at the
characterization of the molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity and the development of novel prevention
and/or treatment agents