Optimization of processing parameters on the yield of oleoresin from zingiber zerumbet and its antibacterial activity

The effect of processing parameters on the yield of oleoresin from Zingiber zerumbet and its antibacterial activity was investigated. The preliminary experiments were carried out to determine the main parameters that affect the yield of oleoresin, zerumbone content and antibacterial activity on the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of Z. zerumbet oleoresin. The main parameters were found to be extraction time, type of solvent used and blanching treatment. The range of those parameters that was investigated to get the highest of all yield were blanching treatments (untreated, boiled, steamed), solvent (acetone, ethanol and methanol) and extraction time (6 hours to 18 hours). A D-optimal design was employed to study the effect of different range parameter of Z. zerumbet oleoresin on four response variables; the yield of oleoresin, the zerumbone content, the antibacterial activity on the E. coli and S. aureus. Analysis of variance and response surface methodology were applied to identify the optimal processing parameter. The optimal processing parameters that fulfilled the requirement for yield of oleoresin, zerumbone content, antibacterial activity on the E. coli and S. aureus with high desirability were found to be 18 hours of extraction time, methanol as the solvent used and steaming as the blanching treatment. The desirability value was 84 %. Meanwhile, the optimal yield of Z. zerumbet oleoresin was 31.50 % (w/w), the zerumbone content was 0.56 % (w/w) and the antibacterial activities (inhibition zone) on the E. coli and S. aureus were 14.58 mm and 13.51 mm respectively. Processing optimization has resulted in an increase of overall antibacterial activity on the E. coli and S. aureus of Z. zerumbet oleoresin as well as the increment yield of oleoresin and zerumbone conten

Optimisation of essential oil yield and zerumbone content in Zingiber zerumbet extract using hydrodistillation process

The optimisation of zerumbone content in essential oil of Zingiber zerumbet was investigated using hydrodistillation extraction method. The extractions were carried out to identify the optimum condition of the processing parameters (solvent-to-solid loading ratio, particle size and time) on the essential oil and zerumbone recovery. The extraction variables (solvent-to-solid ratio, particle size and time), on the other hand, were optimised by central composite design. The optimum conditions of the Z. zerumbet essential oil extraction were at the solvent-to-solid loading ratio, 187 mL/10 g; particle size, 2,000 µm; and extraction time, 74.28 min, whereas the concentration of Z. zerumbet essential oil and zerumbone as high as 3.73 % and 1.58 % were obtained. Hence, the central composite design model can be used to predict the zerumbone content in essential oil extraction from Z. zerumbet in a hydrodistillation extraction system

Optimization of extraction conditions of antioxidant activity from zingiber zerumbet oleoresin

The health promoting capacity of natural antioxidant from phytochemicals has increase attention from researchers and public. However, processing is affecting the activity and the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the optimization of extraction condition of antioxidant activity from Zingiber zerumbet oleoresin was investigated. A Box-Behnken design technique was employed to study the effect of different range parameters of soxhlet extraction. Analysis of variance and response surface methodology were applied to identify the optimal processing parameter. Independent variables were extraction time (8, 10 and 12), type of solvent used (hexane, acetone, ethanol) and blanching treatment (steam treated, boil treated, untreated). The response and variables were fitted well to each other by multiple regressions. All the independent parameters affected oleoresin yield and antioxidant activity significantly. The optimal processing parameter that fulfilled the requirement for yield of oleoresin and antioxidant activity were found to be 12 h extraction time, ethanol as the solvent used and untreated sample. While, the optimal yield of oleoresin was 13.05% w/w and antioxidant activity was 16.01% w/w

A comparative study on yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of Zingiber zerumbet and Zingiber officinale

Zingiber officinale (ZO) and Zingiber zerumbet (ZZ) are widely found in Southeast Asia and commonly used in herbal medicine practice for treating various diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of these Zingeberaceae species. Essential oils and hydrosols were obtained using turbo-extraction-distillation (TED). The highest yield of essential oil was obtained by the ZZ sample, which was 0.35 ± 0.09%, while the ZO showed the lowest yield (0.17 ± 0.02%). In hydrosol extracts the highest yield was obtained by the water extract of ZZ (2.50 ± 0.78%), while the ethanol/water (30:70) extract of ZO showed the lowest yield (0.90 ± 0.15%). The analysis of chemical marker content of ZO and ZZ showed 6-gingerol and zerumbone as the major component, respectively. The DPPH method showed the highest antioxidant activity for ZO essential oil (129.4 ± 14.47%), followed by ZZ essential oil (78.88 ± 9.35%) and hydrosol extracts. Collectively, these findings suggest that both ZO and ZZ can be used as potential sources of natural antioxidant in foods and herbal medicines

Assessment of non-invasive techniques and herbal-based products on dermatological physiology and intercellular lipid properties

Skin is the largest external organ of the human body. It acts as a barrier to protect the human body from environmental pollution, mechanical stress, and excessive water loss. The defensive function resides primarily on top of the epidermis layer commonly known as stratum corneum (SC). Human SC consists of three major lipids, namely ceramide, free fatty acid, and cholesterol that comprise approximately 50%, 25%, and 25% of the total lipid mass, respectively. The optimal composition of SC lipids is the vital epidermal barrier function of the skin. On the other hand, skin barrier serves to limit passive water loss from the body, reduces chemical absorption from the environment, and prevents microbial infection. In contrast, epidermal lipids are important to maintain the cell structure, growth and differentiation, cohesion and desquamation as well as formation of a permeability barrier. Multiple non-invasive in vivo approaches were implemented on a regular basis to monitor skin physiological and intercellular lipid properties. The measurement of different parameters such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration level, skin elasticity, collagen intensity, melanin content, sebum, pH, and tape stripping is essential to evaluate the epidermal barrier function. Novel non-invasive techniques such as tape stripping, ultrasound imaging, and laser confocal microscopy offer higher possibility of accurate and detailed characterisation of skin barrier. To date, these techniques have also been widely used to determine the effects of herbal plants in dermatology. Herbal plants have been traditionally used for ages to treat a variety of skin diseases, as reported by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Their availability, lower cost, and minimal or no side effects have created awareness among society, thus increase the demand for natural sources as the remedy to treat various skin diseases. This paper reviews several non-invasive techniques and evaluations of herbal-based product in dermatology

Characterization and antioxidant properties of ethyl acetate fractions from pyroligneous acid obtained by slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell

Sustainable utilization of palm kernel shell biomass can be achieved by thermochemical conversion method of slow pyrolysis, which is economical and eco-friendly. Palm kernel shell biomass has unlimited potential as an alternative form of fossil fuels and source of value added chemicals. Pyroligneous Acid (PA) is found to contain phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, which have various applications. However, the low concentration of the antioxidant phenols makes the production of chemicals and medicines from palm kernel shell less viable. A higher yield percentage can be obtained from fractionation, which can also simplify identification of compounds. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were determined using the Folin ciocalteau assay, antioxidant activities using DPPH and FRAP assays and GC-MS was used to characterize the chemical constituents of the fractions with phenolic activities. Optimum pyrolysis condition was achieved at 429 °C with a 40.44 % yield. The obtained results showed the presence of phenolic activity in all 23 different samples. The fractions with the highest phenolic activity yielded TPCs of 181.75 μg/mL ± 17.0, 174.95 μg/mL ± 0.39 and 181.76 μg/mL ± 15.54. These fractions also simultaneously exhibited high DPPH activity of 23.97%, 31.39% and 52.58% respectively. Sixteen different types of phenolic chemical compounds and their derivatives were also identified with up to 60% higher concentrations when compared to previous studies without fractionation. These results indicated that the proposed approach allows for higher percentage yield of viable, pure and natural alternatives for use as chemicals and medicines, while simultaneously reducing agricultural waste

Dual COX/LOX inhibition : screening and evaluation of the effect of pyroligneous acid fractions of palm kernel shell as an anti-inflammatory agents

Inflammation is treated using Steroidal (SAIDs) and Non-steroidal (NSAIDs) anti-inflammatory drugs. These synthetic drugs act by inhibiting the activity of inflammatory mediators (Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes) and are known to have various side effects. The use of natural products as alternatives is gaining prominence due to effective therapeutic function with reduced side effects. Palm kernel shell biomass can be thermo-chemically converted into Pyroligneous Acid (PA), which have been found to contain phenols that have antioxidant activities and potential anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the PA is derived from slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell by fractionation using column chromatography. The fractions are then screened for Total Phenolic content using Folin ciocalteau assay and free radical scavenging activity using FRAP and DPPH procedures. Anti-inflammatory activity of COX and LOX pathways with the screened fractions, is determined using the LOX-5 and COX-2 assay by ELISA method. The fractions were found to have phenolic and free radical scavenging activity with high percentage yield. The fractions were also found to have dual inhibition for COX and LOX enzymes with IC50 values ranging for COX enzymes IC50 (17.04% - 48.42%) and LOX with IC50 (5.23% -53.34%). The findings of the present study indicate the potential for use of various fractions of pyroligneous palm kernel shell as a viable source of anti-inflammatory agents

Extraction of zingiber officinale and zingiber zerumbet essential oil using turbo extraction distillation (TED)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Zingiber zerumbet are medicinal plants that come from Zingiberaceae family, which contain high quality of essential oil. Both of these plants are widely used traditionally as an ailment and loss of appetite. In recent research the phytochemical component in both plants has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological and physiological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-obesity effects. In this study, the essential oil from the plants was extracted using Turbo Extractor Distillator (TED). TED is accelerated hydrodistillation that allows to increase the input quantity and reduce the distillation time. The result is a very fresh product which makes an ideal base for the production of natural extracts for use in flavours. The aim of this research is to use the Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet as raw material to produce highly active herbal extracts, which enhanced with active compounds in the larger scale processing platform. The extraction was done using different type of solvent that is 100% water and 30 % ethanol. The raw material to solvent ratio used is 1:5 and time is from 1 hour to 6 hours. For extraction using 100 % water, Zingiber zerumbet produce a high oil yield (0.3%-0.5%) than Zingiber Offinale (0.1 %-0 3%). Zingiber Offinale produce high powder extract than Zingiber zerumbet for both types of solvent. From high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) result, ginger powder extract from 100 % water show high 6-gingerol than oil or powder extract for 30% ethanol that is 24.8 (jg/ml. For Zingiber zerumbet, the result shows that the^essential oil contains more zerumbone than powder extract for both solvent The production of herbal products in larger scale will ensure the supply chain in the increasing demand from herbal consumers. The huge demand is not only on a quantity basis, but also on herbal quality basis. The herbal quality is mainly focused on the content of bioactive marker besides nutritional composition

Cytotoxicity assessment of Labisia pumila on prostate cancer cell lines (DU145)

Labisia pumila or locally known as Kacip Fatimah devours the great prospective in the herbal industry. This herbaceous undershrub of the Myrsinaceae family has been used a long time ago and has been exploited aggressively as drinks, cosmetics and health supplement There are three varieties of L pumila, which is L pumila var alata, L pumila var pumila and L pumila var lanceolata and each has their own use and properties. It is believed that L pumila var alata may demonstrate some anticancer activities exerted by certain phytochemical abundant such as gallic acid in this plant. The leaves of L pumila var alata were extracted using three different types of extraction which are maceration, direct and indirect ultrasound assisted extraction. Water was used as the solvent for each type of extraction. MTT, viability test and morphological studies were carried out to determine the cytotoxicity effects of three types of plant extracts on human prostate cancer cell tines (DU 145). The phenolic compound such as gallic acid, kaemferol and caffeic was detected via HPLC. The MTT assay indicated that plant extracts from maceration induce apoptosis and inhibit around 42% of the cell population compare to negative controls. In case of viability studies, maceration extracts have killed a!! the cells within 9 days white the negative control recorded 12 days for alt cells to die. The morphological changes were observed using an inverted microscope to perceive the irregular detachment and clumping of the cells. There was some morphological changing of the cells from hexagonal to round shape after treatment with the extracts. Blabbing cells, chromatin condensation, apoptotic cells and late apoptotic body can be seen after staining. As conclusion, L pumila shows the significant inhibition of growth of prostate cancer cell tines and can be applied as cytotoxic agents in the future treatment of prostate cancer

Comparison of ethnic variations in skin physiological conditions and stratum corneum lipid compositions among Malaysians, Koreans, and Vietnamese

The understanding of ethnic variations in permeability barrier characteristic of the skin is important for the development of cosmetic product with a specialized formulation that fits well to the skin of the respective ethnic group. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in skin physiological conditions and stratum corneum (SC) lipid properties in healthy three Asian ethnic groups (Malaysians, Koreans, and Vietnamese) that living in the same environment. Epidermal thickness was measured by confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM), and other skin conditions (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin pigmentation, SC hydration and sebum content) were analyzed using a multifunctional skin physiology monitor. SC lipids were extracted from the inner forearms by a cup method. Malaysians had the thickest epidermis, followed by Koreanand Vietnamese. The analysis of skin barrier function expressed in TEWL showed that Malaysian had the weakest skin barrier function compared to that of Vietnamese and Koreans. In addition, Malaysian skin was found to have high sebum content, but lowest SC lipid content than those of Koreans and Vietnamese. The HPTLC densitometry analysis also revealed that Malaysian having the lowest value of ceramide/cholesterol ratio ascompared with both Korean and Vietnamese. These differences were found to correlate with the higher TEWL in Malaysian skin. Higher amount of CER [NS]and [EOP], and lower amount of CER [NP], [ADS] and [AH] were also observed in Malaysian than that of Korean and Vietnamese. These find ings illustrate variations in skin physiological conditions and stratum corneum lipid properties among three Asian ethnic groups. Therefore, the present study contributes to a better understanding and diversity of Asian skin differences