Lysine and methionine supplementation of peanut meal diets for chickens

Vegetable protein concentrates are being used as a feed in the livestock industry throughout the world to an ever increasing extent. Soybeans and peanuts are major sources of these protein concentrates in the temperate and tropical zones of the world. One of the protein concentrates derived from soybeans is known as dehulled solvent extracted soybean oil meal which has been defined as the product resulting from dehulled solvent extracted soybean flakes. It shall contain not more than J percent crude fiber and shall be designated and sold according Peanut meal is ground peanut cake (the product obtained after the extraction of part of the oil to its protein content. by pressure or solvents from peanut kernels as produced under reasonable milling conditions) provided that nothing shall be recognized as such that contains more than 11 percent crude fiber. It must be designated and sold according to its protein content. As an unsupplemented vegetable protein concentrate in poultry feed, soybean oil meal has not been excelled by any other single vegetable protein, high grade soybean oil meal (dehulled) is reported to be 50 percent crude protein, 3 percent crude fiber, 0.2 percent calcium, 0.6 percent phosphorus, 0.87 percent methionine, 0.68 percent The average proximate analysis of cystine and 3.0 percent lysine. High grade peanut meal on the other hand would show 50 percent protein, 7 percent crude fiber. 0.2 percent calcium, 0.6 percent phosphorus, 0.49 percent methionine, 0.77 percent cystine and 1.4 percent lysine. A comparison of these two vegetable protein concentrates indicates that peanut meal might be more effectively used in the livestock industry if it were supplemented by both lysine and methionine. The protein requirement of the chicken is essentially an amino acid requirement. It is recognized at present that the chicken requires at least twelve amino acids in the diet for The requirement of the laying hen in this respect is not well defined, but it is generally accepted that ten essential amino acids are required for maximum egg production. Both growth and egg production are adversely affected if these essential amino acids are not provided in the diet in proper amounts and in balance. rapid growth. Most vegetable proteins contain all the essential amino acids required by poultry, but, unfortunately, they are not found in the proportion or at the levels that induce most rapid growth or maximum egg production. This necessitates the supplementation of the vegetable protein with another protein rich in the deficient amino acid, or the addition of the amino acid itself if the vegetable protein is to be used most effectively in the diet of the chicken. Peanut meal is a rich source of protein for poultry diets but is deficient in both lysine and methionine. The requirement of both lysine and methionine for growth and egg production has been determined using various practical and purified diets. It has also been demonstrated that the availability of an amino acid varies in different feedstuffs as well as different combinations of feedstuffs. The results of numerous studies indicate that peanut meal may be used as a major source of protein supplement in the diets of chicks and layers when such diets are fortified with amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Since some of the amino acids are relatively expensive, it is desirable to know the minimum level of amino acid supplementation which will produce maximum growth, egg production and feed efficiency if peanut meal is to be used most efficiently. There appears to be a dearth of literature concerning this problem. India ranks first in the world in the production of peanuts and produces large amounts of peanut meal. At present a sizable quantity of this meal is used as a fertilizer or is With the increasing expansion of the livestock industry, especially poultry, there is an increased need for suitable high protein supplements. exported. Peanut meal, if adequately supplemented, gives promise of meeting the requirements of such a high grade protein supplement. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the minimum supplementary dietary requirement of lysine and methionine for maximum growth and feed efficiency in broiler chicks fed a corn-fish meal-peanut meal diet and to determine the necessity of supplementary lysine and methionine for maximum egg production and feed efficiency in Leghorn-type pullets fed a corn-fish meal-peanut meal diet

Comparative Life Histories of Georgia and Virginia Cotton Rats

Adult hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were collected from the field monthly for \u3e2 years from populations near the northern edge of their range in Virginia and contemporaneously from south-central Georgia. Body measurements and weights were taken at capture, and after dissection embryos, corpora lutea, and placental scars were counted and measured; testes and seminal vesicles were dissected out, measured, and weighed. This allowed comparison of several life-history parameters between the populations and tests of several life-history hypotheses. The breeding season was up to 2 months longer in Georgia than in Virginia, where there was typically a 3-month or longer winter inactive period. Some reproductive activity was observed among Georgia females in all 12 calendar months, whereas pregnancies were never observed in Virginia during November– February. Average litter sizes were significantly higher in Virginia (5.91 ± 6 1.41, up to 13) than in Georgia (5.16 ± 6 1.79, up to 9); this difference may partly result from a higher incidence of embryo resorption and prenatal mortality in the Georgia population, primarily in the cooler 6 months of the year. Virginia rats averaged significantly smaller for both sexes, but this was likely the result of a younger age distribution. Among reproductive males and females, no body-size differences were found between populations except that pregnant females from Virginia averaged significantly longer. Fifty percent and 75% of the random sample of adult females and males, respectively, were reproductively active in Georgia, whereas only 35% and 40% were reproductively active in Virginia. Spermatogenically active males in Virginia had significantly greater relative gonadal mass than their Georgia counterparts. Overwinter survival of parous females was lower in Virginia. Virginia populations, in a more seasonal environment, displayed a more r-selected life history, with greater reproductive allocation, faster growth (except over winter), higher mortality, and less iteroparity

Tangle-bearing neurons survive despite disruption of membrane integrity in a mouse model of tauopathy

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are associated with neuronal loss and correlate with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease, but how NFTs relate to neuronal death is not clear. We studied cell death in Tg4510 mice that reversibly express P301L mutant human tau and accumulate NFTs using in vivo multiphoton imaging of neurofibrillary pathology, propidium iodide (PI) incorporation into cells, caspase activation and DNA labeling. We first observed that in live mice a minority of neurons was labeled with the caspase probe or with PI fluorescence. These markers of cell stress were localized in the same cells and appeared to be specifically within NFT-bearing neurons. Contrary to expectations, the PI-stained neurons did not die over a day of observation; the presence of Hoechst-positive nuclei in them on the subsequent day indicated that the NFT-associated membrane disruption suggested by PI staining and caspase activation do not lead to acute death of neurons in this tauopathy model. This unique combination of in vivo multiphoton imaging with markers of cell death and pathologic alteration is a powerful tool for investigating neuronal damage associated with neurofibrillary pathology

I Am that I Am: Subjectivity and World View in the Science Fictions of Philip K. Dick

In this account of American science fiction writer Philip K. Dick's work, the aim has been to describe the involvement of assumptions inherited from philosophical and scientific discourse in both the understanding and experience of subjectivity. It is argued that Dick's representations of identity both picture the tensions engendered by the prevalent reality standard with which he had to deal and, in their development, come to articulate a path beyond the impasse this standard presents. The fundamental insufficiency of the world view Dick's fiction both encounters and embodies is epitomised by the twin questions with which he characterised his work: 'what is human?' and 'what is real?' In coming to terms with the significance of these questions the work of the Austrian philosopher and scientist Rudolf Steiner has been engaged as a critical foil to Dick's fictionalising. Special attention is given to the epistemological basis of Steiner's anthroposophy and its account of the world and our peculiar situation in it that, far from asserting any external and unvarying standard of truth, describes a process essentially evolutionary and unfixed. It is claimed that in Steiner, as in Dick, the human contribution to both identity and reality constitutes the validity of each, a matrix of subject and object from which one's self is delivered, in each instance a new beginning

Predicting music enjoyment in cochlear implant users

Most cochlear implant (CI) users perceive music poorly. Little is known, however, about the musical enjoyment received by CI users. The author examined possible relationships between musical enjoyment and music perception tasks through the use of 1) multiple musical tests, and 2) two groups of listeners: normal-hearing (NH) listeners with a CI-simulation and actual CI users. The two groups’ performances are compared to determine whether NH participants listening to music via CI-simulation software are a good model for actual CI users for perceiving music

The comparison in the rate of learning of colorful and abstract words in grade two

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

Soluble tau species, not neurofibrillary aggregates, disrupt neural system integration in a tau transgenic model

Neurofibrillary tangles are a feature of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies, and while they are generally believed to be markers of neuronal pathology, there is little evidence evaluating whether tangles directly impact neuronal function. To investigate the response of cells in hippocampal circuits to complex behavioral stimuli, we used an environmental enrichment paradigm to induce expression of an immediate-early gene, Arc, in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. These mice reversibly overexpress P301L tau and exhibit substantial neurofibrillary tangle deposition, neuronal loss, and memory deficits. Employing fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect Arc mRNA, we found that rTg4510 mice have impaired hippocampal Arc expression both without stimulation and in response to environmental enrichment; this likely reflects the combination of functional impairments of existing neurons and loss of neurons. However, tangle-bearing cells were at least as likely as non-tangle-bearing neurons to exhibit Arc expression in response to enrichment. Transgene suppression with doxycycline for 6 weeks resulted in increased percentages of Arc-positive cells in rTg4510 brains compared to untreated transgenics, restoring enrichment-induced Arc mRNA levels to that of wild-type controls despite the continued presence of neurofibrillary pathology. We interpret these data to indicate that soluble tau contributes to impairment of hippocampal function, while tangles do not preclude neurons from responding in a functional circuit