Evaluación de la seroconversión de cerdas con el uso de un inóculo a diferentes dosis y vehículos contra la diarrea epidémica porcina

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious enteric disease of pigs, which has caused great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The known measure for PED control prior to the development and launch of vaccines in 2017 in Mexico, was "feedback" or "liquefaction". It was a widely used measure during the PED outbreak in 2013; however, there is no homogeneity in its use among the various authors who recommend it. Currently, several studies have experimented with other types of prophylaxis, such as oral immunization with PED virus obtained from cell culture isolation, which allows quantification of the infectious virus and ensures that only the virus, and no other agent, is being used as inoculum. The objective of the present study was to compare the time of seroconversion in sows inoculated with the quantified virus with four different vehicles (milk, wheat, direct, and water) and different doses of vehicle (1 ml, 2 ml, and 3 ml) at different pregnancy stages and with a different number of farrowings. The study was conducted at CEIEPP, a full-cycle farm with 170 females. The present study showed that the vehicles with the best results were the inoculum with water and the direct inoculum combined with the 1 ml dose, as the combination of these vehicles and an inoculum dose resulted in seroconversion in more than 90 % of the sows from the second week post inoculation.La diarrea epidémica porcina (PED) es una enfermedad entérica altamente contagiosa en los cerdos, que ha provocado grandes pérdidas económicas a la industria porcina a nivel mundial. Las medidas conocidas para el control de la PED, antes del desarrollo y lanzamiento de las vacunas en el 2017 en México, fue el “feedback” o “licuado”. Aunque fue una medida muy utilizada durante el brote de PED en 2013, entre los diversos autores que lo recomiendan no hay una homogeneidad en su uso. Actualmente, diversos estudios han experimentado otro tipo de profilaxis, como la inmunización oral con el virus de la PED obtenido a partir del aislamiento en cultivo celular, lo que permite cuantificar el virus infectivo, así como asegurar que solo se está utilizando como inóculo al virus y no otros agentes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el tiempo de seroconversión, en cerdas inoculadas con virus cuantificado, con cuatro diferentes vehículos (leche, trigo, directo y agua) y diferentes dosis del vehículo (1 ml, 2 ml y 3 ml), en diferentes momentos de gestación y número de partos. El estudio se realizó en el CEIEPP, granja de ciclo completo con 170 hembras. El presente estudio demostró que los vehículos con mejores resultados fueron el inóculo con agua y el inóculo directo combinado con la dosis de 1 ml, ya que la combinación de estos vehículos y dosis del inóculo generó que más del 90 % de las cerdas mostraran seroconversión a partir de la segunda semana post-inoculación

Detección molecular de un fragmento del virus de lengua azul en borregos de diferentes regiones de México

Bluetongue disease (BTD) affects various species of wild and domestic ruminants. In Mexico, the disease, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV) is still regarded as exotic, despite the fact that antibodies have been detected on several occasions. The objective was to establish molecular techniques using a synthetic gene, including the genes NS1 and NS3 as positive controls for the diagnosis of BTV in samples of sheep from different regions of the country. A total of 320 total whole blood samples were obtained from sheep. The samples obtained were evaluated by end-point RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR, the conditions having been established by the work group. Twelve sheep samples were found to be positive for the detection of NS1; these samples were sequenced, and a fragment of 101 base pairs was obtained. Upon alignment, were obtained identities with sequences reported in GenBank with NS1 fragments ranging from 89 % (p= 1e-12) to 98 % (p= 4e-13), corresponding to serotypes 10, 11 and 12. From these samples, two positive sheep samples were obtained using real-time PCR (RT-PCR): one from Chiapas (Chiapas breed), and the other, from Tamaulipas (Suffolk breed). The results of the RT-PCR were corroborated by CPA-SENASICA. This work provides evidence, for the first time in Mexico, of the importance of using a synthetic gene as a positive control to perform BSL-2 detection in official laboratories, which in a health emergency is of utmost importance.La enfermedad de la lengua azul (LA) afecta diferentes especies de rumiantes silvestres y domésticos. En México, la enfermedad producida por el virus de la lengua azul (VLA), aún es reconocida como exótica, a pesar de que, en diferentes ocasiones se han detectado anticuerpos. El objetivo fue establecer técnicas moleculares usando un gen sintético que incluye los genes NS1 y NS3 como control positivo para establecer el diagnóstico del VLA en muestras de ovinos de diferentes regiones del país, mediante técnicas moleculares. Se obtuvieron 320 muestras totales de sangre completa de ovinos. Las muestras obtenidas se evaluaron mediante RT-PCR punto final y RT-PCR en tiempo real estableciendo las condiciones por el grupo de trabajo. Se encontraron 12 muestras positivas de ovinos a la detección de NS1; estas muestras se secuenciaron obteniendo un fragmento de 101 pares de bases. Al realizar el alineamiento se obtuvieron identidades con secuencias reportadas en el GenBank con fragmentos de NS1 desde 89 % (p= 1e-12) a 98 % (p= 4e-13), correspondientes a los serotipos 10, 11 y 12.  De estas muestras, se obtuvieron dos muestras positivas de ovinos mediante el PCR tiempo real (PCR-tr), uno proveniente de Chiapas (raza Chiapas) y el otro de Tamaulipas (raza Suffolk). Los resultados de la PCRtr fueron corroborados por la CPA-SENASICA. Este trabajo, aporta por primera vez en México, la importancia de usar un gen sintético como control positivo, para realizar la detección en laboratorios oficiales BSL-2, lo cual en una emergencia sanitaria es de suma importancia

Role of Tonsillar Chronic Inflammation and Commensal Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric OSA

Immune responses at the boundary between the host and the world beyond are complex and mucosal tissue homeostasis relies on them. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome suffered by children with hypertrophied tonsils. We have previously demonstrated that these tonsils present a defective regulatory B cell (Breg) compartment. Here, we extend those findings by uncovering the crucial role of resident pro-inflammatory B and T cells in sustaining tonsillar hypertrophy and hyperplasia by producing TNFα and IL17, respectively, in ex vivo cultures. Additionally, we detected prominent levels of expression of CD1d by tonsillar stratified as well as reticular epithelium, which have not previously been reported. Furthermore, we evidenced the hypertrophy of germinal centers (GC) and the general hyperplasia of B lymphocytes within the tissue and the lumen of the crypts. Of note, such B cells resulted mainly (IgG/IgM)+ cells, with some IgA+ cells located marginally in the follicles. Finally, by combining bacterial culture from the tonsillar core and subsequent identification of the respective isolates, we determined the most prevalent species within the cohort of OSA patients. Although the isolated species are considered normal oropharyngeal commensals in children, we confirmed their capacity to breach the epithelial barrier. Our work sheds light on the pathological mechanism underlying OSA, highlighting the relevance taken by the host immune system when defining infection versus colonization, and opening alternatives of treatment.Fil: Sarmiento Varon, Lindybeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: de Rosa, Javier Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Raquel Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Pablo Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Billordo, Luis Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Baz, Placida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Beccaglia, Gladys. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Spada, Nicolás. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Mendoza, F. Tatiana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; ArgentinaFil: Barberis, María Claudia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; ArgentinaFil: Vay, Carlos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; ArgentinaFil: Arabolaza, M. Elena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Paoli, Bibiana Patricia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Arana, Eloisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; Argentin

Incubación de empresas, actividad emprendedora y generación de conocimiento en el marco de la relación empresa-universidad-gobierno

En la actualidad, el conocimiento y la innovación son factores clave en los procesos de mejora económica y progresión social. Por tal motivo, las lógicas productivas y de articulación social requieren estar orientadas a generar y difundir información y conocimiento. Desde esta perspectiva, los aspectos intangibles de producción basados en el “saber hacer” son la piedra angular de la dinámica económica y social. Esta era, definida como la economía o la sociedad del conocimiento, se identifica como la estructura o sistema que orienta sus actividades productivas, organizacionales, sociales e institucionales para producir, acumular y transmitir conocimiento, basado en el impulso a la innovación, el espíritu emprendedor y el dinamismo económico. Uno de los ámbitos sustanciales al construir comunidades del aber se localiza en la configuración de vínculos entre universidades, industrias y gobiernos, acto trascendental para potenciar el emprendimiento y generar un ambiente innovador. Una manera de materializar este nuevo contexto productivo es mediante las incubadoras de empresas: estructuras capaces de fortalecer las habilidades del emprendedor, al tiempo que crean y transmiten conocimiento para generar nuevas tecnologías, la creación de empleos y el crecimiento económico, tanto en el ámbito local como nacional. La presente obra contiene diversos resultados de investigación que, desde distintos ángulos teóricos y empíricos, permiten analizar cómo emprender e incubar empresas, la gestión del conocimiento en organizaciones y las condiciones regionales de innovación, ofreciendo contribuciones interesantes en temas medulares que ayudan a entender mejor lo que se define como una economía o sociedad del conocimiento.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 17

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 17 de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada, de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico. Con esta colección, se aspira contribuir con el cultivo, la comprensión, la recopilación y la apropiación social del conocimiento en cuanto a patrimonio intangible de la humanidad, con el propósito de hacer aportes con la transformación de las relaciones socioculturales que sustentan la construcción social de los saberes y su reconocimiento como bien público

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Evaluación de los efectos del Programa Red Solidaria sobre la salud infantil

Nacionalidad de la autora: salvadoreña.Se evalúan los efectos del Programa Red Solidaria de El Salvador sobre la salud infantil. El Programa Red Solidaria tiene como propósito general mejorar en el mediano y largo plazos las condiciones de vida de las familias en situación de pobreza extrema que habitan en el área rural del país, ampliando sus oportunidades y proveyendo los recursos necesarios, que permiten potenciar sus capacidades y mejorar la calidad de vida personal, familiar y comunitari