Dramatic reductions of in feed medication via immunization against enteric pathogens

The use of in-feed antimicrobials is coming under increased pressure in food animal production. Five field studies examined the impact of vaccines to stimulate protective immunity against pathogens commonly controlled with in-feed antimicrobials (Lawsonia intracellularis, a common enteric pathogen causing ileitis). Grow-finish pigs were immunized and various levels of in-feed antimicrobials used to control or prevent Lawsonia were removed

New Perspectives on Canada in the Second World War

This volume offers a first step toward the unification of many disparate threads in Canada's history of the Second World War and new perspectives on Canada's political and operational wars. What emerges is both unsurprising, and surprisingly new. Canada at war was a young nation increasingly, and sometimes cheekily, pursuing its national interests at the level of policy. Although historians have overlooked Canada's assertive role, through its joint defence measures and alliances Canada largely defined itself as a country, and combined close defence relationships with sovereignty. Operationally, in training, and in civil affairs Canada's inexperience resulted in a steep learning curve. Nonetheless, battlefield experience provided important lessons that, in most key areas, were willingly learned

Reduction of salmonella contamination in pork carcasses by vaccination

Two field studies and one laboratory challenge were performed to evaluate of vaccination with a live, avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine (Enterisol® SC-54) to provide cross protection, reduce the level of internal culture and fecal shedding of multiple serovars of Salmonella. Barns of grow-finish pigs were vaccinated orally, via drinking water, or left as matched controls in the field studies. Ileocecal lymph nodes and spiral colon fecal material were collected at the abattoir from field studies. Three week old pigs were vaccinated intranasally and challenged at five weeks of age in the laboratory study. Internal organ culture and fecal shedding were measured two weeks following challenge with S typhimurium. In all three studies, vaccinated pigs had significantly lower culture prevalence of non S choleraesuis serovars (p\u3c0.05), and reduced fecal shedding in following laboratory challenge (p\u3c0.05). A nominal (p=0.07) trend to improved growth rate following laboratory challenge with S typhimurium challenge was also detected

Reduction of Salmonella choleraesuis contamination in pork carcasses by vaccination

Salmonellosis is a common clinical and subclinical infection of pigs. The species adapted serovar S choleraesuis predominantly produces a septicemic disease in swine. Disease in other species, including humans, is rare compared to enteric type infections from non host adapted serovars such as S typhimurium. However, when host adapted serovars infect alternate species, disease can be severe. Vaccination with an avirulent live S choleraesuis vaccine, Enterisol® SC-54, significantly reduces prevalence and quantity of infection in pigs. Additionally, those pigs that remain culture positive have two logs or more reduction in the quantity of S choleraesuis present. Vaccination of pigs as young as one day of age is successful. Where these infections are of concern in the human population, vaccination of pigs may provide dramatic reductions of the organism swine, reducing risk in food items of swine origin