Cancer burden in China: a Bayesian approach

BACKGROUND Cancer is a serious health issue in China, but accurate national counts for cancer incidence are not currently available. Knowledge of the cancer burden is necessary for national cancer control planning. In this study, national death survey data and cancer registration data were used to calculate the cancer burden in China using a Bayesian approach. METHODS Cancer mortality and incidence rates for 2004-2005 were obtained from the National Cancer Registration database. The third National Death Survey (NDS), 2004-2005 database provided nationally representative cancer mortality rates. Bayesian modeling methods were used to estimate mortality to incidence (MI) ratios from the registry data and national incidence from the NDS for specific cancer types by age, sex and urban or rural location. RESULTS The total estimated incident cancer cases in 2005 were 2,956,300 (1,762,000 males, 1,194,300 females). World age standardized incidence rates were 236.2 per 100,000 in males and 168.9 per 100,000 in females in urban areas and 203.7 per 100,000 and 121.8 per 100,000 in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS MI ratios are useful for estimating national cancer incidence in the absence of representative incidence or survival data. Bayesian methods provide a flexible framework for smoothing rates and representing statistical uncertainty in the MI ratios. Expansion of China's cancer registration network to be more representative of the country would improve the accuracy of cancer burden estimates.This study used the data from National Central Cancer Registry database. The authors acknowledge the contributions of local cancer registries providing registration data and working group of the Third National Death Survey

The incidence and mortality of major cancers in China, 2012

Abstract Background The National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) collected population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from local registries and estimated the cancer incidence and mortality in China. Methods In the middle of 2015, 261 cancer registries submitted reports on new cancer cases and deaths occurred in 2012. Qualified data from 193 registries were used for analysis after evaluation. Crude rates, number of cases, and age-standardized rates stratified by area (urban/rural), sex, age group, and cancer type were calculated according to the national population in 2012. Results The covered population were 198,060,406 from 193 qualified cancer registries (74 urban and 119 rural registries). The major indicators of quality control, percentage of cases morphologically verified (MV%), death certificate-only cases (DCO%), and the mortality to incidence (M/I) ratio, were 69.13%, 2.38%, and 0.62, respectively. It was estimated that there were 3,586,200 new cancer cases and 2,186,600 cancer deaths in 2012 in China with an incidence of 264.85/100,000 [age-standardized rate of incidence by the Chinese standard population (ASRIC) of 191.89/100,000] and a mortality of 161.49/100,000 [age-standardized rate of mortality by the Chinese standard population (ASRMC) of 112.34/100,000]. The ten most common cancer sites were the lung, stomach, liver, colorectum, esophagus, female breast, thyroid, cervix, brain, and pancreas, accounting for approximately 77.4% of all new cancer cases. The ten leading causes of cancer death were lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, female breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia, and lymphoma, accounting for 84.5% of all cancer deaths. Conclusions Continuous cancer registry data provides basic information in cancer control programs. The cancer burden in China is gradually increasing, both in urban and rural areas, in males and females. Efficient cancer prevention and control, such as health education, tobacco control, and cancer screening, should be paid attention by the health sector and the whole society of China

Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2013

Abstract Introduction Population-based cancer registration data are collected by the National Central Cancer Registry in China every year. Cancer incident cases and cancer deaths in 2013 were analyzed. Methods Through the procedure of quality control, reported data from 255 registries were accepted to establish the national database for cancer estimates. Incidences and mortalities were calculated with stratification by area (urban/rural), sex (male/female), age group (0, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14 … 80–84, and 85-year-old and above), and cancer site. The structure of Segi’s population was used for the calculation of age-standardized rates (ASR). Top 10 most common cancers and leading causes of cancer deaths were listed. Results In 2013, 3,682,200 new cancer cases and 2,229,300 cancer deaths were estimated in China based on the pooled data from 255 cancer registries, covering 16.65% of the national population. The incidence was 270.59/100,000, with an ASR of 186.15/100,000; the mortality was 166.83/100,000, with an ASR of 108.94/100,000. The top 10 most common cancer sites were the lung, stomach, liver, colorectum, female breast, esophagus, thyroid, cervix, brain, and pancreas. The ten leading causes of cancer deaths were lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, female breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia, and lymphoma. Conclusions Cancer leaves serious disease burden in China with high incidence and mortality. Lung cancer was the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in China. Efficient control strategy is needed, especially for major cancers

Trend Analyses on the Differences of Lung Cancer Incidence Between Gender, Area and Average Age in China During 1989-2008

Background and objective The lung cancer incidence was significantly increased in the past two decades in China. But the secular trend of lung cancer incidence difference between gender (male and female), area (urban and rural) and average age was not clear. The aim of this study is to analyze the trend of lung cancer incidence rate ratio between gender, area and average age in China during 1989-2008, and provide some inspiration for lung cancer prevention and control activities. Methods Cancer registry data and population data in China from 1989 to 2008 were collected by the National Cancer Registration Center. Stratified for gender and area, Poisson regression model was used to estimate annual lung cancer incidence rate ratio between male and female, urban and rural areas. The average age of lung cancer incidence was calculated. Linear regression was used to model the trend of annual incidence rate ratio and average age over time. Results Incidence rate ratios of lung cancer between male and female, urban and rural areas were significantly decreased from 2.47 and 2.07 to 2.28 and 1.14 during 1989-2008, respectively. Meanwhile, the average age of lung cancer incidence among male and female dramatically increased from 65.32 and 65.14 to 67.87 and 68.05, respectively. Conclusion The difference of lung cancer incidence between male and female, urban and rural areas remarkably decreased from 1989 to 2008. The average age of lung cancer occurrence gradually increased. Researches, prevention and control activities on lung cancer with consideration of new incidence pattern should be strengthened

Relationship between cancer survival and ambient ultraviolet B irradiance in China

Background: Ecological studies in predominantly European populations have reported higher cancer survival in areas of higher solar ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation, perhaps due to a cancer protective effect of vitamin D synthesized photochemically in the s