Prototipo funcional de un sistema de clasificación para las cerezas de café castillo, en función de su etapa de maduración

Trabajo de InvestigaciónEn el siguiente proyecto de grado se desarrolla un prototipo funcional para la clasificación automatizada de café castillo en función de su etapa de maduración, el cual consta de un sensor de color RGB, una banda transportadora, un servomotor para el desvió de las cerezas de café y el microcontrolador atmega328p. Inicialmente se realiza una búsqueda de las tecnologías que se emplean para este proceso, posterior a esto se selecciona los dispositivos que se usaran, ya con esto, se hace el modelado 3D del prototipo en el software Autodesk Inventor, se simula el sistema en Proteus y se diseña el circuito impreso (PCB) en EasyEDA, después de esto se realiza la implementación del prototipo para finalmente hacer las pruebas de validación.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. GENERALIDADES 2. METODOLOGÍA 3. DESCRIPCIÓN ECONÓMICA DEL PROYECTO 4. CONCLUSIONES 5. RECOMENDACIONES Y TRABAJOS FUTUROS BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSPregradoIngeniero Electrónic

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups

Background: Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention). Methods: In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care. Results: Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67-0.95]; P=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69-1.06]) prevention groups (P for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59-1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56-1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (P for interaction >0.5 for each outcome). Conclusions: Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease

Circulating microRNAs in sera correlate with soluble biomarkers of immune activation but do not predict mortality in ART treated individuals with HIV-1 infection: A case control study

Introduction: The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality. However, HIV-1 infected individuals have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the non-HIV-1 infected population and this appears to be related to end-organ diseases collectively referred to as Serious Non-AIDS Events (SNAEs). Circulating miRNAs are reported as promising biomarkers for a number of human disease conditions including those that constitute SNAEs. Our study sought to investigate the potential of selected miRNAs in predicting mortality in HIV-1 infected ART treated individuals. Materials and Methods: A set of miRNAs was chosen based on published associations with human disease conditions that constitute SNAEs. This case: control study compared 126 cases (individuals who died whilst on therapy), and 247 matched controls (individuals who remained alive). Cases and controls were ART treated participants of two pivotal HIV-1 trials. The relative abundance of each miRNA in serum was measured, by RTqPCR. Associations with mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy) were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Correlations between miRNAs and CD4+ T cell count, hs-CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer were also assessed. Results: None of the selected miRNAs was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or malignancy mortality. The levels of three miRNAs (miRs -21, -122 and -200a) correlated with IL-6 while miR-21 also correlated with D-dimer. Additionally, the abundance of miRs -31, -150 and -223, correlated with baseline CD4+ T cell count while the same three miRNAs plus miR- 145 correlated with nadir CD4+ T cell count. Discussion: No associations with mortality were found with any circulating miRNA studied. These results cast doubt onto the effectiveness of circulating miRNA as early predictors of mortality or the major underlying diseases that contribute to mortality in participants treated for HIV-1 infection

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

SÍNTESE, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE CITOTÓXICA DE COMPOSTOS CICLOPALADADOS CONTENDO COMO LIGANTES BENZALDEIDOXIMA ORTOMETALADA E ETILENOTIOURÉIA

The halide-bridge cleavage reaction of the [Pd(C2 ,N-bzox)(µ-Cl)]2 compound (bzox = benzaldehydeoxime) with ethylenethiourea (L) in the 1:2 molar ratio at room temperature yielded the cyclopalladated compound [Pd(C2 ,N-bzox)(Cl)(L)] (1) whose replacement of the halide group by the addition of suitable salts afforded compounds of general formulae [Pd(C2 ,N-bzox)(X)(L)] {X = Br- (2), I- (3)}. All compounds were characterized by melting point, elemental analyses, infrared and 1H- and 13C{1H}-NMR spectroscopies revealing the complexes formation with the oxime coordinated to Pd(II) as C,N-chelating and the ethylenethiourea as a monodentate ligand via the sulfur atom. The cytotoxicity of cyclopalladated compounds has been evaluated in vitro against murine mammary tumor cell (LM3) showing cytotoxic activity similar to cisplatin

Níveis de silicato de cálcio e magnésio na produção das gramídeas Marandu e Tanzânia cultivadas em um Neossolo Quartzarênico Level of calcium and magnesium silicate in the yield of Marandu grass and Tanzania grass cultivated in one Quartzsandy Neosoil

O estudo foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras-MG, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da correção da acidez do solo, por meio da aplicação de níveis de silicato de Ca e Mg, na produção das gramíneas Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia-1 cultivadas em solo Neossolo Quartzarênico ortic. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 com quatro repetições, sendo duas forrageiras e cinco níveis de saturação por bases (V% original, 40, 60, 80 e 100%). Cada unidade experimental correspondeu a um vaso sem furos, com capacidade para 4,0 dm³ de solo, totalizando 40 vasos. Foram avaliadas as produções de MS por corte (PMS) e total (PTMS), a altura e o número de perfilhos. Não houve variação entre as gramíneas em altura de perfilhos. O Tanzânia foi superior ao Marandu em PMS e número de perfilhos. Houve aumento linear na PMS, PTMS e altura de perfilhos. Conclui-se que ambas as gramíneas responderam de forma positiva à elevação dos níveis de V%, em PMS, até 54,8%. O Tanzânia produziu mais MS em relação ao Marandu.<br>This study was conducted in a greenhouse of the Soil Science Department at Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras-MG, with the purpose of evaluating the effect of the soil correction acidity, by the application of Ca and Mg silicate levels, in the production of grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia-1 cultivated in Quartzsandy Neosoil ortic. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in 2 x 5 factorial scheme with four replicates, being two forages and five levels of base saturation (BS%); (original BS, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). Each experimental unit corresponded to a pot with a capacity of 4.0 dm³ of soil, totalizing 40 pots. The dry matter yield (DMY) for cut and total (TDMY), height and number of tillers were evaluated. There were no variations among the grasses in tiller height. Tanzania grass was superior to Marandu grass in DMY and tiller number. There were linear increases in DMY, TDMY and tiller height as the BS% levels increased. It follows that both grasses responded positively to the rise of BS% in DMY until 54.8%. Tanzania grass produced more DM in relation to Marandu grass

Uso de cobertura morta vegetal no controle da umidade e temperatura do solo, na incidência de plantas invasoras e na produção da cenoura em cultivo de verão Efficiency of mulching on soil moisture and temperature, weed control and yield of carrot in summer season

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes tipos de cobertura morta de solo de origem vegetal sobre o crescimento, controle de plantas daninhas, produtividade e regime hidrotérmico do solo no cultivo da cenoura, cultivar Brasília, em um experimento conduzido no período de setembro a dezembro de 1998, em Marília, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições em parcelas de 2 m². Estudou-se os seguintes tipos de cobertura: serragem de madeira, casca de arroz, maravalha (raspa de madeira), capim seco (Cynodon spp.) e controle (solo sem cobertura morta). A utilização da cobertura morta de solo mostrou-se como uma prática vantajosa para o cultivo de verão da cenoura, reduziu a temperatura em até 3,5ºC, aumentou a retenção de umidade do solo em até 2,3% em relação ao controle e melhorou o desenvolvimento das plantas de cenoura. Houve menor incidência de plantas daninhas com o uso de maravalha e capim seco que, juntamente com a serragem também aumentaram o número de plantas colhidas. Entre os tipos de cobertura morta utilizados, a casca de arroz e a maravalha se destacaram em relação ao solo descoberto como os materiais que proporcionaram maior produtividade (112,6 e 99,6 t/ha respectivamente). O uso de cobertura morta de solo mostrou-se vantajoso em vários aspectos para cultura da cenoura, sendo técnica e economicamente viável, principalmente, em pequenas áreas e em cultivos orgânicos.<br>The effects of different mulches were evalueted on carrot culture, cultivar Brasilia, in a experiment carried out at Marilia, São Paulo State, Brazil, from september to december/1998. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and size plots of 2 m². Wood dust, wood chips, dry grass (Cynodon spp.), rice straw and control (soil without cover) were tested and their effects on the soil hidrothermal regime, weed control, growth and yield of carrot were determined. Mulching materials showed better carrots plants development, mild soil temperature (3,5°C less control trait) and better soil moisture (2,3% high control trait). Dry grass and wood chips showed lower weed infestation and dry grass, wood chips and wood dust increased carrot stand. Mulches with rice straw and wood increased carrot yield (112,6 e 99,6 t/ha respectively). Mulching use is technically and economically viable for carrot growing, mainly in small areas and in organic farms