Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Aneurysm of the left main coronary artery

Aneurysm of the left main coronary artery is a rare angiographic finding, with few cases described in the international literature. We report the case of a 42-year-old male with a previous history of acute myocardial infarction, whose coronariography indicated triple vessel coronary disease and an aneurysm of the left main coronary artery. A review of the etiology, clinical aspects, and surgical management of coronary arterial aneurysm is presented

Consenso de especialistas (SBC/SBHCI) sobre o uso de stents farmacológicos: recomendações da sociedade brasileira de cardiologia/sociedade brasileira de hemodinâmica e cardiologia intervencionista ao sistema único de saúde Expert consensus (SBC/SBHCI) on the use of drug-eluting stents: recommendations of the Brazilian society of interventional cardiology/ Brazilian society of cardiology for the Brazilian public single healthcare system

Os autores revisam a evolução da intervenção coronariana percutânea, a sua crescente aplicação na revascularização miocárdica de pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronariana, seja no Brasil, seja no âmbito mundial. Desde a introdução do método, em 1977, com a utilização isolada do cateter-balão, a constatação de que o mesmo tinha limitações (oclusão aguda e reestenose), a adoção dos stents coronarianos e, mais recentemente, o advento dos stents farmacológicos, idealizados para reduzir ainda mais as taxas de reestenose, possibilitaram o crescimento exponencial da aplicação da intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) no Brasil, superando a cirurgia de revascularização e tornando-se o tratamento majoritário para enfermos sintomáticos, acometidos de aterosclerose obstrutiva coronariana. Esta preferência se salienta, a partir do ano 2000, após o início do reembolso dos stents pelo Sistema de Único de Saúde Brasileiro. Este fato demonstra a importância do Sistema Público de Saúde, quando este incorpora os avanços médicos, e passa a oferecer bons padrões de tratamento cardiovascular a grande número de brasileiros. Destaca-se a complexidade da profilaxia da reestenose intra-stent, por sua ocorrência imprevisível e ubíqua. O controle deste fenômeno melhora a qualidade de vida, reduzindo o retorno da angina do peito, a realização de novos procedimentos de revascularização e a re-internação hospitalar. Os stents farmacológicos lograram êxito sólido e consistente na conquista deste objetivo de forma abrangente, beneficiando todas as apresentações clínicas e angiográficas, em maior ou menor grau. Sua adoção e critérios para sua utilização em outros países são discutidos, assim como a formalização das indicações preconizadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, para o seu reembolso pelo SUS. A incorporação de novas tecnologias em saúde é um processo que compreende duas etapas distintas: na primeira, o registro do produto é efetivado na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Nesta etapa, a empresa interessada submete ao nosso órgão regulatório os resultados dos estudos clínicos que demonstram a eficácia e segurança do novo produto, seja ele um fármaco ou um novo dispositivo. Freqüentemente, além dos estudos clínicos, também são apresentados os registros de aprovação para uso clínico obtido nas agências regulatórias de outros países, principalmente dos Estados Unidos da América e da Comunidade Européia. O cumprimento bem sucedido desta etapa significa que o medicamento ou o dispositivo pode ser prescrito ou utilizado pelos médicos no Brasil. A segunda etapa da incorporação de novas tecnologias em saúde envolve o reembolso ou o financiamento do tratamento aprovado na etapa anterior, com base na sua eficácia e segurança. Esta etapa pode ser mais complexa do que a primeira, pois as novas tecnologias, sejam elas de substituição ou de introdução de novas modalidades de tratamento, são habitualmente de custo mais elevado. Incorporar novas tecnologias exige a avaliação de custo efetividade, para permitir que os gestores dos recursos possam tomar decisões que atendam ao cenário universal de recursos limitados, para financiar a saúde com tratamentos cada vez mais onerosos. As dificuldades de gestão dos recursos são agravadas pelas implicações de ética médica e social, que ocorrem quando um tratamento aprovado com base na sua eficácia e segurança não é disponibilizado para pacientes com grande potencial de benefício. No Brasil, a avaliação da incorporação de novas tecnologias, visando a seu reembolso ou financiamento, ainda não está devidamente amadurecida, seja no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) ou no privado. A adoção destas tecnologias, nos dois sistemas, ainda ocorre lentamente e, freqüentemente, como reação à exigência dos pacientes ou de organizações que os representam, às vezes com ações judiciais, ou por pressão política dos médicos e de suas respectivas sociedades científicas. Nosso objetivo é revisar a evolução da intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) no Brasil, sua situação atual com o advento dos stents farmacológicos, e a crescente participação destes como modalidade de revascularização miocárdica de pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronariana, assim como comparar as normas regulatórias brasileiras e de outros paises, em relação à incorporação desta nova tecnologia, e as recomendações para sua utilização.The authors review percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) evolution and its growing application in myocardial revascularization for patients with coronary heart disease in Brazil and worldwide. PCI was introduced in 1977 using only the catheter balloon. Limitations of this method (acute occlusion and coronary restenosis) led to the adoption of coronary stents and more recently the advent of drug-eluting stents², which were developed to drastically reduce restenosis rates. These developments allowed the exponential growth of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures in Brazil which have replaced many bypass surgery procedures and have become the gold standard for the majority of symptomatic patients suffering from coronary artery disease. The preference for this procedure gained new dimensions in 2000 when the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS) began reimbursing for stent procedures. This measure exemplified the importance of the Public Healthcare System's participation in incorporating medical advances and offering a high standard of cardiovascular treatment to a large portion of the Brazilian population. It is emphasized that prevention of in-stent restenosis is complex due to its unpredictable and ubiquitous occurrence. Control of this condition improves quality of life and reduces the recurrence of angina pectoris, the need to perform new revascularization procedures and hospital readmissions. The overall success of the drug-eluting stents has proven to be reliable and consistent in overcoming restenosis and has some beneficial impact for all clinical and angiographic conditions. This paper discusses the adoption and criteria for the use of drug-eluting stents in other countries as well as the recommendations established by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology for their reimbursement by SUS. The incorporation of new healthcare technology involves two distinct stages. During the first stage, the product is registered with the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). During this stage the interested company submits to the regulatory agency, results from clinical studies that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the new device or pharmaceutical product. Frequently, in addition to clinical studies, approval records for clinical use from the regulatory agencies of other countries, mainly the United States of America and the European Community are also submitted. The successful completion of this stage means that the medication or device may be prescribed or used by the physicians in Brazil. The second stage in the incorporation of new healthcare technology involves the reimbursement or financing of the treatment that was approved in the previous stage based on its efficacy and safety. This stage can be more complex than the first one since the new technology, whether a substitution for established treatment methods or the introduction of a new treatment concept, are usually more expensive. The incorporation of new technology requires a cost-effectiveness analysis so that fund administrators can make decisions based on the universal scenario of limited resources to finance healthcare with treatments that are more and more burdensome. The difficulties of funding management are aggravated by medical and social ethical implications that arise when a treatment is approved based on its efficacy and safety but is not made available to patients who could benefit greatly from it. In Brazil, assessment methods for the incorporation of new technology based on reimbursement or financing have not been fully developed for either the private healthcare plans or the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS). The implementation of new technology in both healthcare systems is a slow process and frequently the implementation is a result of the requirements of patients or the organizations that represent them and at times is the result of legal proceedings or political pressure imposed by physicians and their respective scientific societies. Our objective is to review the evolution of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Brazil and its current status in view of the advent of drug-eluting stents, the growing participation of drug-eluting stents in myocardial revascularization to treat patients with coronary heart disease, as well as, to compare the regulatory standards from Brazil and other countries regarding the incorporation and recommendations for the use of this new technology

Dual anterior descending coronary artery associated with coronary artery disease

The patient is a male with risk factors for coronary artery disease, who was referred for cardiac catheterization after acute myocardial infarction in the inferior wall. The patient underwent transluminal coronary angioplasty in the right coronary artery with successful stent implantation

Angioplastia cirúrgica de óstio e tronco coronariano: experiência de oito casos Ostium and left coronary angioplasty: experience with eight cases

No período de abril de 1980 a março de 1990, foram realizadas oito cirurgias de angioplastia de óstio e/ou tronco de coronária esquerda ou direita. Não houve mortalidade imediata e esses pacientes foram acompanhados por um período de 1-109 meses (43,2 meses). Houve melhora clínica e de classe funcional. Seis pacientes fizeram estudo cineangiográfico das coronárias e do ventrículo esquerdo, revelando uma anatomia de óstio e tronco adequada na área operada, e melhora da contratilidade do ventrículo esquerdo. Na evolução tardia houve dois óbitos. Um paciente morreu a 39 meses do pósoperatório, com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e dor anginosa; o outro faleceu em acidente rodoviário, após 109 meses da cirurgia. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a angioplastia por lesões obstrutivas em óstio ou tronco coronário direito ou esquerdo, isoladas ou associadas a outros defeitos, é um procedimento cirúrgico com baixo risco imediato, com evolução favorável a longo prazo e que pode ser considerado como tratamento opcional para revascularizaçáo coronária.Between April 1980 and March 1990 we performed eight surgical angioplasties of the left main coronary artery and/or its ostium and of the right coronary artery's ostium. There was no early mortality, and these patients were followed by a period of one to 109 months (medium of 43.2 months). We have observed improvement in the clinical symptoms and functional class. A new angiocardiography was performed in six patients, for angioplasty control and left ventricular (L V) function evaluation if there was an adequate anatomy on the surgical corrected site and an improvement on the L V contractility and ejection fraction. There were two late deaths. One patient died 39 of postoperative months in congestive heart failure and with angor pectoris, the other one in a car accident 109 months after the surgical correction. These results lead us to conclude that surgical angioplasty for ostium, right or left main coronary artery due to obstructive lesions, isolated or associated with other defects, is an optimal procedure to coronary revascularization