A System for Accessible Artificial Intelligence

While artificial intelligence (AI) has become widespread, many commercial AI systems are not yet accessible to individual researchers nor the general public due to the deep knowledge of the systems required to use them. We believe that AI has matured to the point where it should be an accessible technology for everyone. We present an ongoing project whose ultimate goal is to deliver an open source, user-friendly AI system that is specialized for machine learning analysis of complex data in the biomedical and health care domains. We discuss how genetic programming can aid in this endeavor, and highlight specific examples where genetic programming has automated machine learning analyses in previous projects.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Genetic Programming Theory and Practice 2017 worksho

Stochastic Electron Acceleration by Cascading Fast Mode Waves in Impulsive Solar Flares

We present a model for the acceleration of electrons from thermal to ultrarelativistic energies during an energy release fragment in an impulsive solar flare. Long-wavelength low-amplitude fast mode waves are assumed to be generated during the initial flare energy release (by, for example, large-scale restructuring of the magnetic field). These waves nonlinearly cascade to higher wavenumbers and eventually reach the dissipation range, whereupon they are transit-time damped by electrons in the tail of the thermal distribution. The electrons, in turn, are energized out of the tail and into substantially higher energies. We find that for turbulence energy densities much smaller than the ambient magnetic field energy density and comparable to the thermal particle energy density, and for a wide range of initial wavelengths, a sufficient number of electrons are accelerated to hard X-ray-producing energies on observed timescales. We suggest that MHD turbulence unifies electron and proton acceleration in impulsive solar flares, since a preceding study established that a second MHD mode (the shear Alfven wave) preferentially accelerates protons from thermal to gamma-ray line-producing energies

The Wall of Reconnection-Driven Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in a Large Solar-Flare

LaRosa & Moore (1993) recently proposed that the bulk dissipation of magnetic field that is required for the electron energization in the explosive phase of solar flares occurs in a \u27\u27fat current sheet,\u27\u27 a wall of cascading MHD turbulence sustained by highly disordered driven reconnection of opposing magnetic fields impacting at a turbulent boundary layer. In two-ribbon eruptive flares, this turbulent reconnection wall is supposed to develop at the usual reconnection site in the standard model for these flares; that is, the reconnection wall stands in the vertical magnetic rent made by the eruption of the sheared core of the preflare closed bipolar field. Here, we use the well-observed great two-ribbon eruptive flare of 1984 April 24/25 to assess the feasibility of both (1) the standard model for the overall three-dimensional form and action of the magnetic field and (2) the turbulent reconnection wall within it. The observed aspects of this flare that we use are (1) the preflare photospheric vector magnetic field; (2) the occurrence of a flare spray and the size, form, and spreading of the chromospheric flare ribbons; and (3) the rate of production of hard (greater than or similar to 25 keV) X-rays in the explosive phase of the flare. We find (1) that the morphology of this flare closely matched that of the standard model; (2) the preflare sheared core field had enough nonpotential magnetic energy to power the flare; (3) the model turbulent wall required to achieve the flare\u27s peak dissipative power easily fit within the overall span of the flaring magnetic field; (4) this wall was thick enough to have turbulent eddies large enough (diameters similar to 10(8) cm) to produce the similar to 10(26) ergs energy release fragments typically observed in the explosive phase of flares; (5) the aspect ratio (thickness/vertical extent) of the turbulent reconnection wall was in the 0.1-1 range expected by (Packer 1973). We therefore conclude that the viability of our version of the standard model (i.e., having the magnetic field dissipation occur in our turbulent reconnection wall) is well confirmed by this typical great two-ribbon eruptive flare

Cryo-Electron Tomography Elucidates the Molecular Architecture of Treponema pallidum, the Syphilis Spirochete

Cryo-electron tomography (CET) was used to examine the native cellular organization of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. T. pallidum cells appeared to form flat waves, did not contain an outer coat and, except for bulges over the basal bodies and widening in the vicinity of flagellar filaments, displayed a uniform periplasmic space. Although the outer membrane (OM) generally was smooth in contour, OM extrusions and blebs frequently were observed, highlighting the structure’s fluidity and lack of attachment to underlying periplasmic constituents. Cytoplasmic filaments converged from their attachment points opposite the basal bodies to form arrays that ran roughly parallel to the flagellar filaments along the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane (CM). Motile treponemes stably attached to rabbit epithelial cells predominantly via their tips. CET revealed that T. pallidum cell ends have a complex morphology and assume at least four distinct morphotypes. Images of dividing treponemes and organisms shedding cell envelope-derived blebs provided evidence for the spirochete’s complex membrane biology. In the regions without flagellar filaments, peptidoglycan (PG) was visualized as a thin layer that divided the periplasmic space into zones of higher and lower electron densities adjacent to the CM and OM, respectively. Flagellar filaments were observed overlying the PG layer, while image modeling placed the PG-basal body contact site in the vicinity of the stator–P-collar junction. Bioinformatics and homology modeling indicated that the MotB proteins of T. pallidum, Treponema denticola, and Borrelia burgdorferi have membrane topologies and PG binding sites highly similar to those of their well-characterized Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori orthologs. Collectively, our results help to clarify fundamental differences in cell envelope ultrastructure between spirochetes and gram-negative bacteria. They also confirm that PG stabilizes the flagellar motor and enable us to propose that in most spirochetes motility results from rotation of the flagellar filaments against the PG

New Promise for Electron Bulk Energization in Solar Flares: Preferential Fermi Acceleration of Electrons over Protons in Reconnection-driven Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

The hard X-ray luminosity of impulsive solar flares indicates that electrons in the low corona are bulk energized to energies of order 25 keV. LaRosa & Moore pointed out that the required bulk energization could be produced by cascading MHD turbulence generated by Alfvénic outflows from sites of strongly driven reconnection. LaRosa, Moore, & Shore proposed that the compressive component of the cascading turbulence dissipates into the electrons via Fermi acceleration. However, for this to be a viable electron bulk energization mechanism, the rate of proton energization by the same turbulence cannot exceed the electron energization rate. In this paper we estimate the relative efficiency of electron and proton Fermi acceleration in the compressive MHD turbulence expected in the reconnection outflows in impulsive solar flares. We find that the protons pose no threat to the electron energization. Particles extract energy from the MHD turbulence by mirroring on magnetic compressions moving along the magnetic field at the Alfvén speed. The mirroring rate, and hence the energization rate, is a sensitive function of the particle velocity distribution. In particular, there is a lower speed limit Vmin ≍ VA, below which the pitch-angle distribution of the particles is so highly collapsed to the magnetic field in the frame of the magnetic compressions that there is no mirroring and hence no Fermi acceleration. For coronal conditions, the proton thermal speed is much less than the Alfvén speed and proton Fermi acceleration is negligible. In contrast, nearly all of the electrons are super-Alfvénic, so their pitch-angle distribution is nearly isotropic in the frame of the magnetic compressions. Consequently, the electrons are so vigorously mirrored that they are Fermi accelerated to hard X-ray energies in a few tenths of a second by the magnetic compressions on scales of 105-103 cm in the cascading MHD turbulence. We conclude that dissipation of reconnection-generated MHD turbulence by electron Fermi acceleration plausibly accounts for the electron bulk energization in solar flares

Violencia y el delito de feminicidio contra la mujer en el distrito de Huacho, 2021

Se busca evaluar la relación que ha existido entre la violencia contra la mujer y el delito de feminicidio en el distrito de Huacho, durante el año 2021. Se efectuó un estudio correlacional, cuantitativo, no experimental y se administró encuestas obteniendo valores mediante la estadística básica. El 50% consideró que sí existe relación entre la violencia contra la mujer y el delito de feminicidio en el distrito de Huacho, un porcentaje de 30% respondieron que no están de acuerdo, el 20% restante no emitió respuesta. Un 54% consideró que, si existe relación entre la violencia física y la coacción contra la mujer en el distrito de Huacho, el 34% respondieron que no están de acuerdo, el 12% restante no respondió. Un 64% consideró que, si existe relación entre la violencia psicológica y el abuso de poder contra la mujer en el distrito de Huacho, el 16% sostuvieron que no están de acuerdo, el 20% restante no respondió. Concluyendo entonces que hay un corto tramo entre ambos hechos cometidos, ya que ante la constante impetuosidad física y psicológica que sufren las víctimas a mano de sus agresores, esto suscita a que en algunas ocasiones pueda llegar a la muerte

Diseño de un módulo de placa orificio para la planta térmica del laboratorio de energía de la PUCP

Actualmente, la energía en sus diferentes formas, es un recurso necesario para el aprovechamiento del ser humano. Entre todas estas formas, la energía eléctrica cumple un papel fundamental, no solo en el ámbito industrial, sino también en nuestro desenvolvimiento cotidiano, haciendo posibles muchas de nuestras actividades. Asimismo, se puede lograr la generación de electricidad mediante diversos métodos, entre los cuales se encuentra el uso de una planta térmica, que es el sistema en el cual se realiza el presente trabajo. Dicho sistema usa vapor de agua para transformar energía térmica en energía eléctrica usando un ciclo termodinámico. Así, para determinar el valor de la potencia eléctrica recibida, es importante una adecuada medición de dicho flujo de vapor, pues ambas magnitudes tienen una relación directamente proporcional. En primer lugar, se definieron requerimientos previos a la realización del diseño de monitoreo de flujo másico, dentro de los cuales se observa que la forma de cálculo se deriva de la obtención de señales de sensores de presión y de temperatura. De esta forma se puede valorar el flujo másico indirectamente, y bajo estas condiciones se realizaron los diseños presentados. En segundo lugar se implementaron dichos diseños para comprobar los resultados inicialmente esperados usando las etapas de hardware y software. En tercer lugar se comprobó el funcionamiento del sistema total implementado y la planta térmica, cuyos resultados fueron monitoreados y registrados satisfactoriamente. Con los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el diseño presentado puede realizar el monitoreo en los intervalos inicialmente establecidos de temperatura entre 100 °C y 200°C y de presión entre 0 y 10 bar, con errores de 0.5% y 0.33% respectivamente. Todos los ensayos se realizaron en la planta térmica del Laboratorio de Energía de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Tesi

Capacitación y enseñanza de los docentes de educación física del 3° grado de primaria de las Instituciones Educativas Estatales del Distrito de Huacho, 2019

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la relación que existe entre la capacitación y la enseñanza de los docentes del 3°grado de primaria de las Instituciones Educativas Estatales del distrito de Huacho, 2019. La metodología que se empleó fue de tipo correlacional, mediante un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando un diseño no experimental, se aplicó encuestas obteniendo valores mediante la estadística básica. Resultados. El 74% considera que sí existe relación entre la capacitación con el aprendizaje de los docentes de educación física de las instituciones educativas estatales del distrito de Huacho, un porcentaje de 21% respondieron que no, el 6% restante no respondieron. Un 88% considera necesario la profesionalización de los docentes de educación física de las instituciones educativas estatales del distrito de Huacho, el 9% de docentes respondieron que no, el 3% restante no respondieron. El 88% afirmaron que la capacitación ayuda a mejorar el trabajo educativo de los docentes de educación física, mientras que el 12% sostuvieron que no; concluyendo entonces en la importancia que tiene la capacitación de los docentes de educación física para una mejor enseñanza en las instituciones educativas estatales en el distrito de Huacho

SOCIAL DAMAGE AND THE NEED FOR THE FIGURE OF THE SOCIAL ACTOR

The acts of corruption of public officials in Peru generate damages to supra-individual interests, because the right to "social welfare" of the citizens is violated (art. 44 of the Constitution) which the State guarantees, and therefore the obligation to compensate arises (art. 35 of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption), and to determine who would intervene as a legitimate subject would be the anti-corruption public prosecutor, in such a way that the violated interest that only has a diffuse existence and not in the individuality of the persons is guaranteed