Planificación Anticipada de Decisiones en Salud Mental: Modelos, utilidades y propuestas de aplicación

Introducción: A lo largo de los últimos años, la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad (CDPD) ha contribuido a una atención creciente a la detección y prevención de situaciones de vulneración de los derechos humanos en salud mental. Entre las estrategias de mejora se ha propuesto la introducción de modelos de Voluntades Anticipadas en Salud Mental (VVAA-SM) y Planificación Anticipada de Decisiones en Salud Mental (PAD-SM).Material y método: 1. Revisión bibliográfica. Análisis de conceptos, modelos, utilidades y limitaciones de documentos de Voluntades Anticipadas en Salud Mental y procesos de PAD-SM en diferentes países. 2. Debate, identificación y elaboración de estrategias para la adaptación al contexto andaluz, realizado por el Grupo Derechos Humanos y Salud Mental del Plan Integral de Salud Mental de Andalucía.Resultados: En el contexto internacional, se observa la existencia de modelos y terminologías diferenciadas. En los estudios revisados se identifican diferentes utilidades, entre ellas la protección de derechos, el aumento de la participación y empoderamiento, la mejora de la relación entre usuarios/as, profesionales sanitarios/as y familiares, así como aspectos relacionados con la utilidad clínica y la relación coste-eficacia. Entre las potenciales limitaciones destacan la escasez de apoyo institucional y la falta de formación profesional. Para el contexto andaluz, el Grupo propone la introducción de un proceso de PAD-SM como herramienta clínica enfocada en la información, el diálogo y la toma de decisiones, a la vez que trabajar hacia la creación de un modelo legalmente vinculante.Conclusiones: La introducción de la PAD-SM se identifica como una estrategia útil para proteger los derechos de personas usuarias de servicios de salud mental en coherencia con los principios establecidos en la CDPD

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Planificación Anticipada de Decisiones en Salud Mental: Modelos, utilidades y propuestas de aplicación

Introducción: A lo largo de los últimos años, la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad (CDPD) ha contribuido a una atención creciente a la detección y prevención de situaciones de vulneración de los derechos humanos en salud mental. Entre las estrategias de mejora se ha propuesto la introducción de modelos de Voluntades Anticipadas en Salud Mental (VVAA-SM) y Planificación Anticipada de Decisiones en Salud Mental (PAD-SM).Material y método: 1. Revisión bibliográfica. Análisis de conceptos, modelos, utilidades y limitaciones de documentos de Voluntades Anticipadas en Salud Mental y procesos de PAD-SM en diferentes países. 2. Debate, identificación y elaboración de estrategias para la adaptación al contexto andaluz, realizado por el Grupo Derechos Humanos y Salud Mental del Plan Integral de Salud Mental de Andalucía.Resultados: En el contexto internacional, se observa la existencia de modelos y terminologías diferenciadas. En los estudios revisados se identifican diferentes utilidades, entre ellas la protección de derechos, el aumento de la participación y empoderamiento, la mejora de la relación entre usuarios/as, profesionales sanitarios/as y familiares, así como aspectos relacionados con la utilidad clínica y la relación coste-eficacia. Entre las potenciales limitaciones destacan la escasez de apoyo institucional y la falta de formación profesional. Para el contexto andaluz, el Grupo propone la introducción de un proceso de PAD-SM como herramienta clínica enfocada en la información, el diálogo y la toma de decisiones, a la vez que trabajar hacia la creación de un modelo legalmente vinculante.Conclusiones: La introducción de la PAD-SM se identifica como una estrategia útil para proteger los derechos de personas usuarias de servicios de salud mental en coherencia con los principios establecidos en la CDPD

Association between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and newborn thyroxine (T4) levels

Background: Thyroid hormones play a key role in fetal and child development. Recent studies have linked prenatal exposure to atmospheric contaminants with changes in thyroid hormone levels in newborns, but the data from the few studies that have explored this issue are inconclusive. The present study aims to assess the association of total thyroxine (TT4) levels in newborns with weekly prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and to identify sensitivity windows to exposure to air pollution in different developmental stages. Methods: This prospective cohort study included mother-child pairs from the INMA-Gipuzkoa project. Specifically, 463 mother-child pairs with data on PM2.5 and NO2 exposure during pregnancy and TT4 levels at birth were included. PM2.5 and NO2 levels were measured by high-volume aerosol samplers and passive samplers respectively during the women's pregnancies. TT4 levels were measured in heel-prick blood samples from infants. Data on maternal and infant covariates were gathered through questionnaires administered in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and review of clinical records. Potential associations of PM2.5 and NO2 with TT4 levels over the entire pregnancy was assessed by linear regression models and DLMs were used to identify susceptibility windows. Results: The exposure of pregnant women to PM2.5 during pregnancy was positively associated with infant TT4 level at birth (β [95% CI] = 0.198 [0.091, 0.305]. DLMs identified three different sensitivity windows, one in the periconceptional period with a negative association between PM2.5 exposure and TT4 levels at birth, and a second (weeks 12–17) and a third one (weeks 31–37) with a positive association. In addition, the later the exposure, the stronger the association. In contrast, no association was observed between NO2 exposure and TT4 levels. Conclusions: The results indicate that prenatal exposure to PM2.5 could lead to a thyroid function impairment in newborns.This work is part of the INMA Project (INfancia y Medio Ambiente), which has received funding from the following organizations: Carlos III Health Institute (PI06/0867), Department of Health of the Government of the Basque Country (2005111093), Gipuzkoa Regional Government (DFG06/002) and the local councils of the study areas (Zumarraga, Urretxu, Legazpi, Azkoitia, Azpeitia and Beasain)

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women