Modelling of the preparation of masters of professional education for activities in the information and digital environment

У статті теоретично обґрунтовано модель підготовки та формування готовності майбутніх педагогів професійного навчання до діяльності в інформаційно-освітньому середовищі на основі розвитку їх цифрових компетентностей. У процесі аналізу видів діяльності майбутнього педагога професійного навчання ступеня вищої освіти магістра, зазначених у відповідному професійному стандарті, та галузі застосування його цифрових компетентностей виявлений їх взаємозв'язок і наводяться можливості розвитку цих компетентностей випускника в межах запропонованої освітньо-професійної програми підготовки магістрів професійної освіти. Програма побудована на основі вивчення прикладного профілю цифрових компетентностей майбутнього педагога професійного навчання. Методологія дослідження спирається на аналіз цифрових компетентностей педагога і логіку побудови предметної підготовки майбутніх магістрів професійної освіти до успішної та ефективної професійної діяльності в умовах інформаційно-цифрової діяльності. У дослідженні проаналізовано зміст основних цифрових компетентностей педагога професійного навчання; запропонована модель підготовки та формування професійної готовності випускника до діяльності в інформаційно-цифровому середовищі на основі розвитку відповідних компетентностей; запропоновано зміст освітньо-професійної програми «Комп’ютерні технології в управлінні та навчанні» підготовки магістра в межах галузі знань 01 Освіта/Педагогіка за спеціальністю 015.39 Професійна освіта (Цифрові технології) на засадах розвитку цифрових компетентностей майбутнього фахівця в межах його професійної підготовки. Показано, що для підвищення ефективності діяльності педагогів у сучасних умовах інформатизації та цифровізації суспільства і формування віртуальної соціально-освітньої системи необхідно введення в зміст їх професійної підготовки навчальних дисциплін, спрямованих на розвиток цифрових компетентностей на визначеному рівні.The article theoretically substantiates the model of training and formation of future teachers' of vocational education readiness to work in the information and educational environment based on the development of their digital competencies. Upon analyzing the types of activities of a future teacher with a master's degree that are specified in the professional standard and the field of application of their digital competencies, the research paper reveals their interconnection and presents the possibilities of developing these graduate competencies within the proposed educational and professional master's program. The program is elaborated upon studying the applied profile of the future teacher's digital competencies. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the digital competencies of the teacher and the logic of elaboration of the subject preparation of future masters for successful and effective professional activity in the context of information and digital activities. The content of the teacher’s basic digital competencies is analyzed in the study; a model of training and formation of a graduate's professional readiness to work in the information and digital environment based on the development of relevant competencies is proposed; the content of the educational and professional program "Computer Technologies in Management and Education" for the master's degree in the field of knowledge 01 Education/Pedagogy, specialty 015.39 Vocational Education (Digital Technologies) on the basis of the development of digital competencies of a future specialist within his/her professional training is suggested. The research demonstrates that it is necessary to include subjects aimed at developing digital competencies at a certain level in the content of their professional training in order to increase the effectiveness of teachers' activities in the modern conditions of informatization and digitalization of society and the formation of a virtual social and educational system

Anesthetic Activation of Central Respiratory Chemoreceptor Neurons Involves Inhibition of a THIK-1-Like Background K(+) Current

At surgical depths of anesthesia, inhalational anesthetics cause a loss of motor response to painful stimuli (i.e., immobilization) that is characterized by profound inhibition of spinal motor circuits. Yet, although clearly depressed, the respiratory motor system continues to provide adequate ventilation under these same conditions. Here, we show that isoflurane causes robust activation of CO(2)/pH-sensitive, Phox2b-expressing neurons located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) of the rodent brainstem, in vitro and in vivo. In brainstem slices from Phox2b-eGFP mice, the firing of pH-sensitive RTN neurons was strongly increased by isoflurane, independent of prevailing pH conditions. At least two ionic mechanisms contributed to anesthetic activation of RTN neurons: activation of an Na(+)-dependent cationic current and inhibition of a background K(+) current. Single-cell reverse transcription-PCR analysis of dissociated green fluorescent protein-labeled RTN neurons revealed expression of THIK-1 (TWIK-related halothane-inhibited K(+) channel, K(2P)13.1), a channel that shares key properties with the native RTN current (i.e., suppression by inhalational anesthetics, weak rectification, inhibition by extracellular Na(+), and pH-insensitivity). Isoflurane also increased firing rate of RTN chemosensitive neurons in urethane-anesthetized rats, again independent of CO(2) levels. In these animals, isoflurane transiently enhanced activity of the respiratory system, an effect that was most prominent at low levels of respiratory drive and mediated primarily by an increase in respiratory frequency. These data indicate that inhalational anesthetics cause activation of RTN neurons, which serve an important integrative role in respiratory control; the increased drive provided by enhanced RTN neuronal activity may contribute, in part, to maintaining respiratory motor activity under immobilizing anesthetic conditions.National Institutes of Health (NIH)[HL74011]U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)National Institutes of Health (NIH)[GM66181

Establishment of Regularities of Influence on the Specific Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity of Polymer Nanocomposites of A Complex of Defining Parameters

This paper reports a series of experimental studies to establish regularities of the integrated effect exerted on the specific heat capacity of polymer nanocomposites by such factors as the temperature regime of their production, the value of the mass fraction of the filler, and the temperature of the composite material. The studies were conducted for nanocomposites based on polypropylene filled with carbon nanotubes. When obtaining composites, the method of mixing the components in the melt of the polymer was used. During the studies, the temperature of nanocomposites varied from 295 to 455 K, the mass fraction of the filler ‒ from 0.3 to 10 %. The basic parameter of the technological mode for obtaining composite materials, the value of overheating the polymer melt relative to its melting point, varied in the range of 10...75 K. It is shown that the temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity of the considered composites is sensitive to changes in the overheating of the polymer melt only in the region maximum values of the specific heat capacity. Concentration dependences of the specific heat capacity of the considered nanocomposites at different values of their temperature and the level of overheating of the polymer melt have been built. The studies have been carried out to identify the effects of the influence of the above parameters on the coefficient of thermal diffusivity of nanocomposites. It has been established, in particular, that an increase in the level of overheating the polymer could lead to a very significant increase in the coefficient of thermal diffusivity, which is all the more significant the higher the proportion of filler and the lower the temperature of the composite material. It is shown that the level of overheating the polymer melt relative to its melting point is a parameter that can be used as the basis for the creation of polymer composite materials with specified thermophysical properties

Mononuclear Heptacoordinated 3d-Metal Helicates as a New Family of Single Ion Magnets

The series of Co(II), Fe(II), and Ni(II) mononuclear coordination compounds of [CoL(NCS)2]·3DMSO (1), [CoL(H2O)2](ClO4)2·DMSO (2), [CoL(H2O)(EtOH)][CoCl4]·2H2O (2a), [FeL(NCS)2]·DMSO (3), and [NiL(NCS)2]·CH3CN (4) composition (where L is 2,6-bis(1-(2-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)hydrazineylidene)ethyl)pyridine), with an [MLA2] coordination unit (where A is a pair of apical monodentate ligands), was synthesized. In compounds 1, 2, 2a, and 3, the ligand L is pentadentate, and cobalt and iron ions are placed in a heavily distorted pentagonal pyramidal coordination environment, while in 4 the Ni(II) ion is hexacoordinated. Easy plane-type magnetic anisotropy (D = 13.69, 11.46, 19.5, and 6.2 cm−1 for 1, 2, 2a, and 4, respectively) was established for cobalt and nickel compounds, while easy axis-type magnetic anisotropy (D = −14.5 cm−1) was established for iron compound 3. The cobalt coordination compounds 1 and 2 show SIM behavior under a 1500 Oe external magnetic field, with effective magnetization reversal barriers of 65(1) and 60(1) K for 1 and 2, respectively. The combination of Orbach and Raman relaxation mechanisms was shown to adequately describe the temperature dependence of relaxation times for 1 and 2. CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations were performed to model the parameters of the effective spin Hamiltonian for the compounds under study

PHYSIOLOGY. Regulation of breathing by CO₂ requires the proton-activated receptor GPR4 in retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons

Blood gas and tissue pH regulation depend on the ability of the brain to sense CO2 and/or H(+) and alter breathing appropriately, a homeostatic process called central respiratory chemosensitivity. We show that selective expression of the proton-activated receptor GPR4 in chemosensory neurons of the mouse retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is required for CO2-stimulated breathing. Genetic deletion of GPR4 disrupted acidosis-dependent activation of RTN neurons, increased apnea frequency, and blunted ventilatory responses to CO2. Reintroduction of GPR4 into RTN neurons restored CO2-dependent RTN neuronal activation and rescued the ventilatory phenotype. Additional elimination of TASK-2 (K(2P)5), a pH-sensitive K(+) channel expressed in RTN neurons, essentially abolished the ventilatory response to CO2. The data identify GPR4 and TASK-2 as distinct, parallel, and essential central mediators of respiratory chemosensitivity

Orexin/Hypocretin and Organizing Principles for a Diversity of Wake-Promoting Neurons in the Brain.

An enigmatic feature of behavioural state control is the rich diversity of wake-promoting neural systems. This diversity has been rationalized as 'robustness via redundancy', wherein wakefulness control is not critically dependent on one type of neuron or molecule. Studies of the brain orexin/hypocretin system challenge this view by demonstrating that wakefulness control fails upon loss of this neurotransmitter system. Since orexin neurons signal arousal need, and excite other wake-promoting neurons, their actions illuminate nonredundant principles of arousal control. Here, we suggest such principles by reviewing the orexin system from a collective viewpoint of biology, physics and engineering. Orexin peptides excite other arousal-promoting neurons (noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine neurons), either by activating mixed-cation conductances or by inhibiting potassium conductances. Ohm's law predicts that these opposite conductance changes will produce opposite effects on sensitivity of neuronal excitability to current inputs, thus enabling orexin to differentially control input-output gain of its target networks. Orexin neurons also produce other transmitters, including glutamate. When orexin cells fire, glutamate-mediated downstream excitation displays temporal decay, but orexin-mediated excitation escalates, as if orexin transmission enabled arousal controllers to compute a time integral of arousal need. Since the anatomical and functional architecture of the orexin system contains negative feedback loops (e.g. orexin ➔ histamine ➔ noradrenaline/serotonin-orexin), such computations may stabilize wakefulness via integral feedback, a basic engineering strategy for set point control in uncertain environments. Such dynamic behavioural control requires several distinct wake-promoting modules, which perform nonredundant transformations of arousal signals and are connected in feedback loops