Survey on Additive Manufacturing, Cloud 3D Printing and Services

Cloud Manufacturing (CM) is the concept of using manufacturing resources in a service oriented way over the Internet. Recent developments in Additive Manufacturing (AM) are making it possible to utilise resources ad-hoc as replacement for traditional manufacturing resources in case of spontaneous problems in the established manufacturing processes. In order to be of use in these scenarios the AM resources must adhere to a strict principle of transparency and service composition in adherence to the Cloud Computing (CC) paradigm. With this review we provide an overview over CM, AM and relevant domains as well as present the historical development of scientific research in these fields, starting from 2002. Part of this work is also a meta-review on the domain to further detail its development and structure

Conceptualizing and Measuring the Quality of Democracy: The Citizens’ Perspective

In recent years, several measurements of the quality of democracy have been developed (e.g. Democracy Barometer, Varieties of Democracy Project). These objective measurements focus on institutional and procedural characteristics of democracy. This article starts from the premise that in order to fully understand the quality of democracy such objective measurements have to be complemented by subjective measurements based on the perspective of citizens. The aim of the article is to conceptualize and measure the subjective quality of democracy. First, a conceptualization of the subjective quality of democracy is developed consisting of citizens’ support for three normative models of democracy (electoral, liberal, and direct democracy). Second, based on the World Values Survey 2005–2007, an instrument measuring these different dimensions of the subjective quality of democracy is suggested. Third, distributions for different models of democracy are presented for some European and non-European liberal democracies. They reveal significant differences regarding the subjective quality of democracies. Fourth, the subjective quality of democracy of these countries is compared with the objective quality of democracy based on three indices (electoral democracy, liberal democracy and direct popular vote) developed by the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Finally, further research questions are discussed

Conceptualizing and Measuring the Quality of Democracy: The Citizens’ Perspective

In recent years, several measurements of the quality of democracy have been developed (e.g. Democracy Barometer, Varieties of Democracy Project). These objective measurements focus on institutional and procedural characteristics of democracy. This article starts from the premise that in order to fully understand the quality of democracy such objective measurements have to be complemented by subjective measurements based on the perspective of citizens. The aim of the article is to conceptualize and measure the subjective quality of democracy. First, a conceptualization of the subjective quality of democracy is developed consisting of citizens’ support for three normative models of democracy (electoral, liberal, and direct democracy). Second, based on the World Values Survey 2005–2007, an instrument measuring these different dimensions of the subjective quality of democracy is suggested. Third, distributions for different models of democracy are presented for some European and non-European liberal democracies. They reveal significant differences regarding the subjective quality of democracies. Fourth, the subjective quality of democracy of these countries is compared with the objective quality of democracy based on three indices (electoral democracy, liberal democracy and direct popular vote) developed by the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Finally, further research questions are discussed

Die Wiederauffindung von Personen bei Wiederholungsbefragungen

Am Beispiel einer Wiederholungsbefragung beschreiben die Autoren die Vorgehensweise und Probleme bei der Adressenlokalisation. Die von der Post, dem Einwohnermeldeamt und dem Interviewer ermittelten und bestätigten Adressen werden in ihrer absoluten und relativen Häufigkeit angegeben. Hierbei wird deutlich, daß für den Bereich der BRD die Adressenlokalisation durch Post und Einwohnermeldeamt am effektivsten ist. Abschließend wird kurz das Problem der Repräsentativität der Wiederholungsbefragung gegenüber der Erstbefragung thematisiert. (RE

Advanced CAD/CAM Technologies Assessed from a User’s Point of View. - Results of a Survey

Sophisticated CAD/CAM technologies for advanced product modeling in the sense of designing complete product variants become more and more relevant in future. Variational design techniques to support interdisciplinary design activities in different engineering domains as well as subsequent processes have to be developed. An essential task to reach this aim is to permanently investigate the current state of the art, new approaches, emerging trends, as well as industrial problems and requirements concerning the whole CAD/CAM community. In order to direct future R&D activities as close as possible to the continuously increasing requirements of a global market we carried out a comprehensive national study in cooperation with one of the Germans leading CAD/CAM magazines. In this way, it became possible to reach a representative amount of users, to receive their experience-based assessments on today’s most important aspects of CAD/CAM technology. The results of this survey are summarized in this paper to give engineers, system developers, and researchers an overview of the current situation as well as to serve as an orientation for decisionmakers in the IT-field

An Approach to Computer Aided Quality Control based on 3D Coordinate Metrology

The quality of manufactured products usually needs to be veri®ed. This paper presents an advanced CAQ approach to comparemanufactured objects with reference data from underlying CAD models. First, an overview about the current state-of-the-art in optical 3Dmeasurement techniques is given. After that the research method adopted in this paper is discussed. Furthermore, a software prototype ofthe presented approach in which a stripe projection system with combined gray-code and phase shifting is described. With this equipment,3D shapes of objects or manufactured products can be measured. In order to compare the 3D data (represented in sensor coordinate system)a registration to the CAD coordinate system is needed. At ®rst, the selection of a starting point for the orientation parameters is described.For the registration process different numerical algorithms are used to minimize a distance function. To achieve a better performance, anoptimization process based on 3D voxel arrays is introduced. After the registration process, several parameters for the kind of geometricdisplacement can be calculated and visualized. For objects that cannot be measured from one direction, a pair-wise registration as well as aglobal registration have been developed. Furthermore, some rapid prototyping examples to which our CAQ approach has been applied arepresented. Those examples show that our method works well in practice. Finally, some application ®elds for the CAQ approach presentedhere are outlined

A System Architecture for Modules Supporting Variational Design in Electrical Engineering

In today’s first and second generation CAD systems for electrical engineering, variational design issupported only in a manual manner, i.e. by copying, modifying and deleting special parts of a design.Next generation E-CAD systems shall support variational design in a fully automatic manner. Thiscan be achieved by using parametric and constrained-based modeling together with configuration andversion management tools.This paper presents the overview of an architecture for E-CAD variant modules to be integrated andemployed in next generation E-CAD systems. We discuss the parts needed to build up such variantmodules as well as the relationships between one part and another. Furthermore, we take intoaccount some aspects of communications management, active knowledge handling and last but notleast the graphical user interface. Finally we close with some remarks concerning CORBA, the CADreference model, and software development in general

Requirement Analysis for E-CAD Variant Modules

In the area of computer aided design for mechanical engineering (MCAD), one of the mostimportant innovations of the last decade has been the introduction of parametric modeling. In thispaper parametric modeling will be extended to the field of computer aided design for electricalengineering (ECAD). Here, parametric modeling is employed to realize new kinds of variationaldesign and will release a tremendous potential of cost and time reduction, going along with aconsiderable improvement of quality. Hence, this technique can be considered as a significant basetechnology for next generation ECAD systems.It has been investigated in detail what variational design means in the context of electricalengineering, which functionality one really needs, as well as what has to be regarded in developingand building up full automatic variant modules. To get comprehensive and precise information whatexactly users demand, we have established a special working group of experts from to CAD systemdevelopers, CAD users and research fellows.As a result, we achieved a requirement analysis for ECAD specific automatic variant modules froma rather practical point of view that is summarized in this paper

Entwicklung und Perspektiven der Demokratien in Ost und West: Abschlusskolloquium der Abteilung Institutionen und Sozialer Wandel mit einer Einführung von Jürgen Kocka

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