E.U. Competition and Private Actions for Damages, The Symposium on European Competition Law

There are numerous reasons why private enforcement of E.U. competition law remains underdeveloped in Europe. The main reason is perhaps that it is not regulated by E.U. law but by Member State law. This in itself creates legal uncertainty. A system that creates optimal conditions for individuals to challenge infringements of competition rules before national courts ensures a high level of compliance. It is therefore no surprise that the European Commission ( Commission ) is keen to see the general use of private enforcement, and in particular of actions for damages, in Europe increase. This paper focuses on one particular aspect of private enforcement of competition law in the European Union, namely actions for damages, and compares the situation in the European Union with that of the United States

Understanding the stability and structural properties of ordered nanoporous metals towards their rational synthesis

Peer reviewed: TrueOrdered Nanoporous Metals (ONMs) form a new family of nanoporous materials composed only of pure metals. The expected impact is considerable from combining the ordered nanopore structure of MOFs, zeolites and carbon schwartzites with the robustness and electronic conductivity of metals. Little is known about their stability and structural features. Here we address these points to provide clues toward their rational synthesis, introducing an automatic atomistic design that uses model building and molecular dynamics structural relaxation, and is validated against the experimentally known ONMs. Analysing the properties of the 10 stable structures out of the 17 studied (14 of which are designed in this work) using four noble metals (Pt, Pd, Au and Ag), we have deciphered some key elements and structural descriptors that provide guidelines for the experimental synthesis of ONMS. The long-lived metastability of the stable ONMs is evidenced by the high free energy landscape, computed via Metadynamic simulations. The new ONMs permit molecular diffusion of various molecules of industrial relevance, increasing the expectation for their use in catalysis, separation, nanofiltration, batteries, fuel cells, etc. Stable low-cost ONMs are predicted using Earth-abundant Ni metal, which maintains the main features of their relative noble metal forms.</jats:p

Ordered_Nanoporous_Metals_SI.zip from Understanding the stability and structural properties of ordered nanoporous metals toward their rational synthesis

Ordered Nanoporous Metals (ONMs) form a new family of nanoporous materials composed only by pure metals. The expected impact is huge from combining the ordered nanopore structure of MOFs, zeolites and carbon schwartzites with the robustness and electronic conductivity of metals. Little is known about their stability and structural features. Here we address these points to provide clues toward their rational synthesis, introducing an automatic atomistic design that uses model building and molecular dynamics structural relaxation, and it is validated against the experimentally known ONMs. Analysing the properties of the 10 stable structures out of the 17 studied (14 of which are designed in this work) using four noble metals (Pt, Pd, Au and Ag), we have deciphered some key elements and structural descriptors that provide guidelines for the experimental synthesis of ONMS. The long-lived metastability of the stable ONMs is evidenced by the high free energy landscape, computed via Metadynamic simulations. The new ONMs permit molecular diffusion of various molecules of industrial relevance, increasing the expectation for their use in catalysis, separation, nanofiltration, batteries, fuel cells, etc. Stable low-cost ONMs are predicted using Earth-abundant Ni metal, which maintains the main features of their relative noble metal forms

Supplementary material from "Understanding the stability and structural properties of ordered nanoporous metals toward their rational synthesis"

Ordered Nanoporous Metals (ONMs) form a new family of nanoporous materials composed only by pure metals. The expected impact is huge from combining the ordered nanopore structure of MOFs, zeolites and carbon schwartzites with the robustness and electronic conductivity of metals. Little is known about their stability and structural features. Here we address these points to provide clues toward their rational synthesis, introducing an automatic atomistic design that uses model building and molecular dynamics structural relaxation, and it is validated against the experimentally known ONMs. Analysing the properties of the 10 stable structures out of the 17 studied (14 of which are designed in this work) using four noble metals (Pt, Pd, Au and Ag), we have deciphered some key elements and structural descriptors that provide guidelines for the experimental synthesis of ONMS. The long-lived metastability of the stable ONMs is evidenced by the high free energy landscape, computed via Metadynamic simulations. The new ONMs permit molecular diffusion of various molecules of industrial relevance, increasing the expectation for their use in catalysis, separation, nanofiltration, batteries, fuel cells, etc. Stable low-cost ONMs are predicted using Earth-abundant Ni metal, which maintains the main features of their relative noble metal forms