A short version of odor awareness scale (OAS-6)

People differ in their awareness of odors in the environment. This metacognitive ability can be measured with The Odor Awareness Scale (OAS). However, the OAS consists of 32 items what makes it difficult to use in research where awareness of odors is not the main variable of interest. This study introduces a shortened version of the OAS. Participants completed either the original OAS (n = 268, 72% women) or the shortened OAS-7 version comprising 7 items selected from the original scale (n = 220, 61% women). Based on the validation analyses, one item has been further deleted due to low factor loading. The obtained OAS-6 showed good psychometric properties as established with: confirmatory factor analysis fit indices (χ2 = 17.30, p = 0.044, CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.962, RMSEA = 0.065, SRMR = 0.039), high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.80, McDonald's ω = 0.81), and temporal stability (test–retest correlation after 6 weeks: r = 0.91). The OAS and OAS-6 showed similar correlations with Individual Significance of Olfaction Questionnaire total score and subscales. On average, women scored higher on OAS-6 than men, mirroring the pattern observed in the OAS. In summary, OAS-6 proves to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing odor awareness. Its quick completion time (within 2 min) opens venues for its application in diverse studies exploring metacognitive aspects of olfactory perception, including investigations into the interplay between odorous environments and human health or in clinical research

High-temperature corrosion in transport

Rozwój transportu samochodowego, kolejowego, morskiego jak i lotniczego jest jednym z ważniejszych wyzwań inżynierskich i logistycznych teraźniejszych czasów. Świat stając się "globalną wioską" wymusił rozwój głównie transportu lotniczego, ze względu na możliwość zwiększenia szybkości przewożenia ludzi oraz towarów na bardzo duże odległości, co w istotny sposób wpłynęło również na rozwój produkcji silników odrzutowych. Z tego względu korozja gazowa, która występuje w tych silnikach jest tematem nadal aktualnym zarówno dla przemysłu jak i nauki. W artykule omówiono między innymi zastosowanie silników odrzutowych w transporcie lądowym i powietrznym, materiały używane do ich produkcji, jak i mechanizmy korozji wysokotemperaturowej oraz metody jej zapobiegania.The development of car, rail, maritime and air transport are among the most important engineering and logistical challenges of modern times. The world's "global village" reality is accelerating the development of mainly air transport in the pursuit of developing high speed transfer of people and goods over very long distances, and this in turn has significantly contributed to the development of jet engines. Therefore, the gas corrosion that occurs in jet engines is a topic that is still relevant for both industry and science. In this paper, among other things, the use of jet engines in land and air transport, the materials used to produce them, as well as the mechanisms of high temperature corrosion and methods of preventing it, are discussed

Numeric simulation of the air flow in the apparatus for erosion wear testing

W artykule opisano analizę numeryczną rozpływu gazu oraz obliczenia cieplne, przeprowadzone w celu zaprojektowania aparatu do badań zużycia erozyjnego powierzchni metodą wykorzystującą zasadę dmuchawy Mackensena. Przeprowadzone symulacje CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) umożliwiają wyznaczenie pola prędkości i ciśnienia w otoczeniu próbki badanego materiału oraz spadek ciśnienia w dyszy aparatu. Badania symulacyjne przeprowadzono dla przepływu w temperaturze otoczenia oraz warunków wysokotemperaturowych.The article presents the numeric analysis of the flow of gas and the heat calculations performed to allow design of the apparatus for erosion wear testing of the surfaces with use of Mackensens fan method. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) simulations were performed allowing the determination of the velocity and pressure field in the proximity of the tested sample and the drop of the pressure in the jet of the apparatus. The simulation testing were performed for the flow in the room temperature and in the high-temperature condition

Economic and productive effectivenes of irrigation and mineral fertilization of some vegetables

Doświadczenia polowe przeprowadzono w latach 1999-2001 na glebie lekkiej. Określano w nich efektywność ekonomiczną i produkcyjną nawadniania i nawożenia mineralnego pomidora i fasoli karłowej. Stwierdzono, że efektywność netto 1 mm zastosowanej w nawadnianiu wody zależała od nawożenia mineralnego. Produktywność 1 kg NPK, zależała od zastosowanego nawadniania i nawożenia mineralnego. Zarówno u pomidora jak i fasoli najwyższą wartość osiągnęła ona przy dawce nawożenia 1 NPK na obiektach nawadnianych.Field experiment was carried out in the years 1999-2001 on the sandy soil. Economic and productive effectivenes of irrigation and mienral fetilization of tomato and bush bean was studied. It was found that effectivity of 1 mm applied water depended on mineral fertilizing. Productivity of 1 kg NPK depended on irrigation and level of mineral fertilizing. Both tomato and bush bean gave the highest yields at the irrigated objects and fertilized with NPK doze

Trophic state of three lowland reservoirs from se Poland

W pracy poddano ocenie stan troficzny trzech niestratyfikowanych, reolimnicznych zbiorników zaporowych zlokalizowanych na pierwszorzędowych dopływach Wisły, w rejonie Polski południowo-wschodniej: zbiornika Wilcza Wola na Łęgu, Chańcza na Czarnej Staszowskiej oraz Nielisz na Wieprzu. W badaniach wykorzystano dostępne w literaturze kryteria pozwalające ustalać stan troficzny na podstawie stężeń związków azotu, fosforu i chl a w wodach, oraz zintegrowane indeksy troficzności, gdzie stan wód wynika ze dostępności substratów oraz zawartości produktów fotosyntezy. Na tej podstawie zbiorniki Wilcza Wola i Nielisz zakwalifikowane zostały do grupy eutroficznych/hipertroficznych, zaś zbiornik Chańcza do mezotroficznych/eutroficznych. Stwierdzono także, że wykorzystane kryteria i indeksy są przydatne do tego typu analiz.The study assesses the trophic state of three unstratified, reolimnic reservoirs located on tributaries of the Vistula in the SE Poland: Wilcza Wola on the Łęg river, Chańcza on the Czarna Staszowska river and Nielisz on the Wieprz river. For the trophic state identification were used both the literature criteria based on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water, and integrated trophic state indexes (TSI). TSI shows the trophic state of water due to the availability of substrates and the content of the products of photosynthesis. On this basis, Wilcza Wola and Nielisz reservoirs were qualified for group of eutrophic /hypertrophic, while Chańcza reservoir to mesotrophic/eutrophic. It was also stated that the criteria and indices used are suitable for this type of analysis

\u3csup\u3e15\u3c/sup\u3eN Cp/Mas Solid-State Nmr Spectroscopy Of A \u3csup\u3e15\u3c/sup\u3eN-Enriched Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer Photolyzed In Acrylic/Melamine And Acrylic/Urethane Coatings

Solid-state cross-polarization magic angle spinning 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to follow the chemistry of a 15N-enriched hindered amine light stabilizer and its corresponding nitroxide in an acrylic/melamine and an acrylic/urethane coating system, as a function of ultraviolet light exposure. The two coating systems are based on the same acrylate copolymer. Samples were photolyzed in a QUV accelerated weathering tester equipped with FS-340 UV-A fluorescent bulbs. The tester was operated in the `light only\u27 exposure mode at an air temperature of 40 °C and a dew point of 25 °C. Spectra reveal the formation of HALS based amino ether derivatives and hydroxylamine. No evidence for the accumulation of HALS decomposition products or non-reactive HALS products was found. Direct evidence that, the amino ether derivatives formed in the two coatings system are distinctly different, was found. One amino ether derivative was unambiguously identified as a methyl adduct. The formation of methyl radicals during the photolysis of both coatings was demonstrated

Electrocaloric induced retarded ferroelectric switching

Ferroelectric switching in bulk materials, at modest electric fields, is a relatively fast process, occurring on time scales of microseconds and less. A secondary retarded switching phenomenon also occurs on time scales of seconds and has previously been attributed to defect induced elevated energy barriers between polarisation states. As ferroelectric switching is a thermally activated process the barrier heights are also affected by temperature which is not constant in ferroelectric materials due to the electrocaloric effect. Here an additional EC induced retardation mechanism is proposed whereby EC induced temperature changes repeatedly temporarily prevent further FE switching during cooling cycles