Two methods for the assessment of the oxygen content of small volumes of seawater

Modified micro-Winkler and couloximetric methods are described for the measurement of oxygen in small volumes of water. The former uses a sample size of 1 cm3, while the latter is routinely run with 25-μl samples. Both are accurate, producing results <2% above and 4% below expected values calculated from two previously published sets of tables for the oxygen content of air-saturated seawater. They are also precise assessments, with the se of the micro-Winkler results being 0.23% of the mean of five repeated measurements, while the same figure for the couloximeter is 0.21%. They overcome many of the problems associated with standard methods of measuring oxygen content, such as temperature, salinity and pressure-related effects as well as obviating the need for relatively large quantities of water. Being an essentially inert system the couloximeter may be used for measuring the oxygen content of fluids which pose problems for other methods, such as blood and haemolymph. It is also an absolute method, requiring no calibration. These techniques have been used in the past for measuring oxygen consumption in polar marine invertebrates at temperatures below 0°C and temperate crustacean specie

Metabolic responses of

This work studied some of the metabolic responses of Nephrops norvegicus to a progressive reduction in water oxygen tension (PwO2) at 12 °C. Experiments were designed to simulate water quality conditions that may occur during the trade of live crustaceans. Oxygen consumption rates and ammonia efflux rates were found to be constant over a wide range of PwO2 values (20.4-5.9 kPa). A similar result was found for the difference between post-branchial and pre-branchial oxygen concentrations (20.4-2.6 kPa), obtained from a separate experiment. Anaerobic pathways, however, were activated after PwO2 reached 6.3 kPa, as blood lactate and glucose concentrations increased from 1.24 ± 0.08 and 1.17 ± 0.19 (T0 values) to 10.55 ± 8.99 and 3.63 ± 0.89 mg · 100 mL−1 respectively. N. norvegicus was able to maintain blood pH levels at relatively constant values despite a drop in water pH levels and the accumulation of lactate observed at low PwO2. Heart rates also remained stable during PwO2 reductions, but scaphognathite beat rate increased considerably, probably as an attempt to maintain steady weight-specific oxygen consumption rates. N. norvegicus appeared to be well adapted to cope with progressive hypoxia as may occur during holding and transportation procedures

Effect of dietary protein on the nitrogen excretion and growth of the African catfish,

The rates of growth and nitrogen efflux (total nitrogen and ammonia) of individual C. gariepinus ($\bar{x}~=~32.2$ g; S.D. = 4.8 g) kept under 4 feeding regimens, following a 48 h imposed fast (phase l), were measured periodically. In phase 2 (35 d), groups A, B and C were fed a 49.75%, 45.55% or 41.10% protein diet respectively at a ration of 0.5% body weight (1 d−1) Group D were not fed. In phase 3 (25 d) all groups were fed the 41.10% diet. In phase 1, the ammonia efflux rates were lower than any of the values found in either phase 2 and 3. In phase 2, group A (49.75%) had a higher mean ammonia efflux rates than the other groups and ammonia comprised 60-100% of the total nitrogen efflux in all groups. Group D showed a direct relationship between ammonia efflux rate and length of fast. In phase 3, refeeding with the 41.1% protein diet caused the ammonia efflux rates of groups B and D to converge within 7 days to values no different from those of group C, but group A maintained a significantly higher mean value until day 25. During phase 2, the growth rates in B (45.55%) were greatest, but, none of the among groups differences were significant. Group D fish (unfed) lost approximately 30% of their initial weight during phase 2. Nitrogen efflux rates, notably ammonia, showed a pattern of excretion that was directly related to the protein content of the diet, but that the source of dietary protein, dietary energy and the total available energy also influenced nitrogen metabolism. The small differences in growth found were related to between diet differences in composition. The weight loss in the unfed group of fish was probably attributable to the utilisation of lipid and/or protein reserves as metabolic fuels