Las compañías de bajo coste y sus usuarios. El caso de España

El objeto de este estudio es analizar el perfil sociodemográfico de los turistas desplazados a España en Compañías Aéreas de Bajo Coste durante el año 2006, y a su vez compararlo con el de los turistas que viajaron en las Compañías Aéreas Tradicionales. Los resultados muestran una asociación entre el uso de los dos tipos de compañías aéreas y una serie de variables analizadas = The main of this study is to analyze the tourists sociodemographic profile which have been move in Low Cost Carriers to Spain in 2006, and at the same time, to make a comparative with Traditional Carriers tourists. The results show an association between the use of these two types of carriers and some analyzed variable

Estudio De La Imagen De Marca De Las Entidades Financieras

Esta investigación realiza un estudio de la imagen de marca de distintas entidades financieras que operan en España. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se utiliza una técnica de marketing denominada Evaluación Periódica de la Imagen (EPI), que proporciona una combinación de las ventajas de las técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las dos entidades financieras percibidas más iguales entre sí son La Caixa y Caja Madrid; por el contrario, las dos entidades percibidas más diferentes son el Santander y Caja Madrid. Finalmente, el estudio muestra la imagen relativa, imagen individual y un mapa de posicionamiento de las entidades analizadas

The Thymus in Chagas Disease: Molecular Interactions Involved in Abnormal T-Cell Migration and Differentiation

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, is a prevalent parasitic disease in Latin America. Presently, it is spreading around the world by human migration, thus representing a new global health issue. Chronically infected individuals reveal a dissimilar disease progression: while nearly 60% remain without apparent disease for life, 30% develop life-threatening pathologies, such as chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) or megaviscerae. Inflammation driven by parasite persistence seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. However, there is also evidence of the occurrence of autoimmune events, mainly caused by molecular mimicry and bystander activation. In experimental models of disease, is well-established that T. cruzi infects the thymus and causes locally profound structural and functional alterations. The hallmark is a massive loss of CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes, mainly triggered by increased levels of glucocorticoids, although other mechanisms seem to act simultaneously. Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) exhibited an increase in extracellular matrix deposition, which are related to thymocyte migratory alterations. Moreover, medullary TEC showed a decreased expression of AIRE and altered expression of microRNAs, which might be linked to a disrupted negative selection of the T-cell repertoire. Also, almost all stages of thymocyte development are altered, including an abnormal output of CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) and DP immature and mature cells, many of them carrying prohibited TCR-Vβ segments. Evidence has shown that DN and DP cells with an activated phenotype can be tracked in the blood of humans with chronic Chagas disease and also in the secondary lymphoid organs and heart of infected mice, raising new questions about the relevance of these populations in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease and their possible link with thymic alterations and an immunoendocrine imbalance. Here, we discuss diverse molecular mechanisms underlying thymic abnormalities occurring during T. cruzi infection and their link with CCC, which may contribute to the design of innovative strategies to control Chagas disease pathology.Fil: Perez, Ana Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Inmunología Clinica y Experimental de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Inmunología Clinica y Experimental de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: de Meis, Juliana. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Rodriguez Galan, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Savino, Wilson. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasi

Comparison of pepper accessions acting as rootstocks: A case with low P inputs

Fertilization is essential for maintaining production in agriculture. Yet, in too high quantity it causes high impact in environment and in farmers economy. This is especially true in the case of phosphorus (P) fertilization. Finding genotypes adapted to low P conditions may help to reduce the problem. P efficiency depends to some extend on the ability of the roots to acquire this mineral, therefore using efficient rootstocks would provide a higher acquisition of P, maintaining the good characteristics of the scion varieties. In this study, twenty diverse pepper accessions (Capsicum annuum L.) have been evaluated as possible rootstocks to increase P acquisition and yield in pepper under no P fertilization. Plant production, biomass, P content and physiological phosphorous use efficiency were evaluated for ‘Lobo’ variety grafted onto different rootstocks. In addition, root traits, measured manually (shovelomics) and semi-automatically (Winrhizo) were studied. The results showed a great diversity in the root traits for the studied accessions. These root traits changed significantly when the accessions act as rootstock, indicating great rootstock/scion interactions. In general, all the rootstocks adapted their root size and shape to that displayed by ‘Lobo’ root system. Some accessions seemed to have some incompatibility whereas some others enhanced the scion performance. It was possible to identify some genotypes suitable to act as rootstocks for pepper with good performance under low P conditions. Root length, root weight, branching, and root angle were identified as key root traits for plant growth and P acquisition under low P conditions

Multilevel transition in empty substrate integrated waveguide

This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in Electronics Letters and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at the IET Digital Library.Empty substrate integrated waveguide (ESIW) is an improvement of the well-known substrate integrated waveguide. While maintaining the low cost, easy manufacturing, small size, and integration with other circuits in the same substrate, ESIW decreases the related losses by removing the dielectric substrate, thus rendering it more interesting for practical applications. A wide band transition has been already developed to connect ESIW to microstrip lines. Filters, couplers, and antennas have also been developed in ESIW. For multilevel configurations, where different ESIW devices are implemented in different stacked substrates, a transition is needed that connects ESIW lines in different substrate levels. A low reflection wideband transition is presented for connecting two stacked ESIW lines.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spanish Goverment, under Research Projects TEC2013-47037-C05-3-R and TEC2013-47037-C05-1-R.Morro, JV.; Rodríguez Pérez, AM.; Belenguer Martínez, Á.; Esteban González, H.; Boria Esbert, VE. (2016). Multilevel transition in empty substrate integrated waveguide. Electronics Letters. 52(18):1543-1544. doi:10.1049/el.2016.2558S15431544521

Synthesis of slow-wave structures based on capacitive-loaded lines through aggressive space mapping (ASM)

This article is focused on the automated synthesis of slow-wave structures based on microstrip lines loaded with patch capacitors. Thanks to the presence of the shunt capacitors, the effective capacitance of the line is enhanced, and the phase velocity of the structure can be made significantly smaller than the one of the unloaded line. The target is to achieve the layout of the slow-wave structure able to provide the required slow-wave ratio, characteristic (Bloch) impedance and electrical length (i.e., the usual specifications in the design of slow-wave transmission lines). To this end, a two-step synthesis method, based on the aggressive space mapping (ASM) algorithm, is proposed for the first time. Through the first ASM algorithm, the circuit schematic providing the target specifications is determined. Then, the second ASM optimizer is used to generate the layout of the structure. To illustrate the potential of the proposed synthesis method, three application examples are successfully reported. The two-step ASM algorithm is able to provide the layout of the considered structures from the required specifications, without the need of an external aid in the process.This work has been supported by MINECO-Spain (projects TEC2010-17512 METATRANSFER, TEC2010-21520-C04-01, TEC2013-47037-C5-1-R, CONSOLIDER EMET CSD2008-00066, TEC2013-40600-R and TEC2013-49221-EXP), Generalitat de Catalunya (project 2014SGR-157), Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (who has awarded Ferran Martin) and FEDER Funds. Marco Orellana acknowledges the support of the Universidad de Costa Rica, MICITT and CONICIT to study at the Univesitat Autonoma de Barcelona.Orellana, M.; Selga, J.; Sans, M.; Rodriguez Perez, AM.; Boria Esbert, VE.; Martín Antolín, JF. (2015). Synthesis of slow-wave structures based on capacitive-loaded lines through aggressive space mapping (ASM). International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering. 25(7):629-638. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.20901S629638257F. Martín J. Bonache M. Durán-Sindreu J. Naqui F. Paredes G. Zamora 1 25Gorur, A. (1994). A novel coplanar slow-wave structure. IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 4(3), 86-88. doi:10.1109/75.275589Sor, J., Qian, Y., & Itoh, T. (2001). Miniature low-loss CPW periodic structures for filter applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 49(12), 2336-2341. doi:10.1109/22.971618Shau-Gang Mao, & Ming-Yi Chen. (2001). A novel periodic electromagnetic bandgap structure for finite-width conductor-backed coplanar waveguides. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 11(6), 261-263. doi:10.1109/7260.928932Martín, F., Falcone, F., Bonache, J., Lopetegi, T., Laso, M. A. G., & Sorolla, M. (2003). New CPW low-pass filter based on a slow wave structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 38(3), 190-193. doi:10.1002/mop.11011Garcia-Garcia, J., Bonache, J., & Martin, F. (2006). Application of Electromagnetic Bandgaps to the Design of Ultra-Wide Bandpass Filters With Good Out-of-Band Performance. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 54(12), 4136-4140. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2006.886155Bandler, J. W., Biernacki, R. M., Shao Hua Chen, Grobelny, P. A., & Hemmers, R. H. (1994). Space mapping technique for electromagnetic optimization. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 42(12), 2536-2544. doi:10.1109/22.339794Bandler, J. W., Biernacki, R. M., Shao Hua Chen, Hemmers, R. H., & Madsen, K. (1995). Electromagnetic optimization exploiting aggressive space mapping. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 43(12), 2874-2882. doi:10.1109/22.475649Koziel, S., Cheng, Q., & Bandler, J. (2008). Space mapping. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 9(6), 105-122. doi:10.1109/mmm.2008.929554Koziel, S., & Bandler, J. W. (2007). Space-Mapping Optimization With Adaptive Surrogate Model. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 55(3), 541-547. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2006.890524S. Koziel Q.S. Cheng J.W. Bandler 1995 1998Koziel, S., Bandler, J. W., & Cheng, Q. S. (2010). Robust Trust-Region Space-Mapping Algorithms for Microwave Design Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 58(8), 2166-2174. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2010.2052666Q.S. Cheng J.W. Bandler N.K. Nikolova S. Koziel 1 4L.J. Rogla J.E. Rayas-Sanchez V.E. Boria J. Carbonell 111 114P.J. Bradley 1 4P.J. Bradley 1 17 2013J. Selga A. Rodríguez V.E. Boria F. MartínJ. Selga A. Rodríguez J. Naqui M. Durán-Sindreu V.E. Boria F. Martín 2013J. Selga M. Sans A. Rodríguez J. Bonache V. Boria F. Martín 1 4Sans, M., Selga, J., Rodriguez, A., Bonache, J., Boria, V. E., & Martin, F. (2014). Design of Planar Wideband Bandpass Filters From Specifications Using a Two-Step Aggressive Space Mapping (ASM) Optimization Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 62(12), 3341-3350. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2014.2365477Broyden, C. G. (1965). A class of methods for solving nonlinear simultaneous equations. Mathematics of Computation, 19(92), 577-577. doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-1965-0198670-6Marqus, R., Martn, F., & Sorolla, M. (2007). Metamaterials with Negative Parameters. doi:10.1002/978047019173

Automated design of balanced wideband bandpass filters based on mirrored stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) and interdigital capacitors

This paper presents small balanced bandpass filters exhibiting wide differential-mode pass bands and high common-mode suppression. The filters are implemented in microstrip technology and their topology consists of multisection mirrored stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) alternating with mirrored interdigital capacitors. The mirrored SIRs provide the required common-mode transmission zeros to achieve effective rejection of that mode in the region of interest, i.e. the differential-mode pass band. An automated design method for such filters, based on aggressive space mapping, is reported. The method uses the equivalent circuit model of both the mirrored SIRs and the interdigital capacitors, and filter synthesis is based on a quasi-Newton iterative algorithm where parameter extraction is the key aspect. The automated design approach is illustrated through an order-3 filter, where it is demonstrated that the filter topology is generated from the specifications. As compared with previous balanced filters based on mirrored SIRs coupled through admittance inverters, the proposed filters of this work are smaller and the design method is simplified, since bandwidth compensation due to the narrowband functionality of the inverters is avoided.This work was supported by MINECO-Spain (projects no. TEC2013-47037-C5-1-R, TEC2013-40600-R, and TEC2013-49221-EXP), Generalitat de Catalunya (project no. 2014SGR-157), and Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (who has awarded Ferran Martin).Sans, M.; Selga, J.; Vélez, P.; Rodriguez Perez, AM.; Bonache, J.; Boria Esbert, VE.; Martin, F. (2016). Automated design of balanced wideband bandpass filters based on mirrored stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) and interdigital capacitors. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies. 8(4-5):731-740. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1759078716000672S73174084-

Automated Design of Common-Mode Suppressed Balanced Wideband Bandpass Filters by Means of Aggressive Space Mapping

The automated and unattended design of balanced microstrip wideband bandpass filters by means of aggressive space mapping (ASM) optimization is reported in this paper. The proposed filters are based on multisection mirrored stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) coupled through quarter-wavelength transmission lines, acting as admittance inverters.This work was supported by MINECO-Spain (projects TEC2013-47037-C5-1-R, TEC2013-40600-R, TEC2013-49221-EXP), Generalitat de Catalunya (project 2014SGR-157), Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (who awarded Ferran Martin), and by FEDER funds.Sans, M.; Selga, J.; Velez, P.; Rodriguez Perez, AM.; Bonache Albacete, J.; Boria Esbert, VE.; Martin, F. (2015). Automated Design of Common-Mode Suppressed Balanced Wideband Bandpass Filters by Means of Aggressive Space Mapping. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 63(12):3896-3908. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2015.2495180S38963908631

Morphological, histological, chemical and functional characterization of Prosopis alba flours of different particle sizes

Prosopis alba (algarrobo) flours are traditional food resources from Argentina. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of particle sizes of Prosopis flour on its chemical composition and functional properties. Flours were obtained by mechanical methods (F1 to F4, >840, 840 to 500, 500 to 149 and <149 µm, respectively). F1 and F2 contain 40% mesocarp while F3 and F4 show 80 and 90%, respectively. Mesocarp reserve parenchyma is rich in free and bound phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and fibers of the vascular system, CaCO3 crystals, and minerals (Fe, Ca, Mg, K). Apigenin C-glycosides and phenylpropanoids acids were identified in all fractions whereas F4 showed the highest level. All fractions showed functional properties. F3 and F4 showed the highest activity as H2O2 and HO• scavenger. F1 and F2 showed the highest activity as reductor agents and lipoperoxidation inhibitors. Flours with different granulometry may be suitable as functional ingredient or nutraceutical whereas flours with a smaller particle size (F3 and F4) are more interesting as functional ingredients because of their high content of bound phenolic compounds and particle homogeneity and could be used either alone or together.Fil: Rodriguez, Ivana Fabiola. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Perez, Maria Jorgelina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Cattaneo, Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Zampini, Iris Catiana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Cuello, Ana Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Mercado, Maria Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Botánica. Instituto de Ecología Vegetal. Área Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Ponessa, Graciela Ines. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Botánica. Instituto de Ecología Vegetal. Área Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Isla, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentin

RENTABILIDAD DEL NOGAL PECANERO BAJO SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE MEDIANA TECNOLOGÃA EN DELICIAS, CHIHUAHUA

Pecans (Carya Illinoinensis [Wangenh] K. Koch) are a native food of North America and represent a high economic crop value in the north of Mexico, mainly in the state of Chihuahua, the biggest pecan nut producer in this country. The goal of this study was to evaluate the profitability of pecan orchards in the municipality of Delicias, Chihuahua. Some microeconomic and market information from 2008 were collected from pecan growers and specialists through the technique of Experts' Panel. Standard financial analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation model were used to evaluate the probabilities of risk for net cash income (NCI) and return on capital employed (RCE). The NCI obtained was $277,000 and RC 111.7%, indicating that pecan orchards show high profitability when is produced under medium-technology conditions in the municipality of Delicias, Chihuahua.Carya Illinoinensis, production costs, Monte Carlo simulation., Agribusiness,