Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Mastite em pequenos ruminantes no Brasil Small ruminant mastitis in Brazil

Este artigo objetivou revisar as informações recentes sobre mastite em pequenos ruminantes, abrangendo etiologia, epidemiologia, aspectos de controle e profilaxia. Houve a preocupação em reunir resultados de estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil, uma vez que a mastite tem a interferência de uma série de fatores, como fatores ambientais e outros decorrentes dos sistemas de manejo empregados, condições essas determinantes para etiologia e epidemiologia da enfermidade. A prevalência da mastite em caprinos varia entre 22 e 75%, sendo que os casos de mastite subclínica são os mais frequentes. Existe uma carência de trabalhos voltados para os aspectos epidemiológicos da enfermidade no nosso país. Contudo, observa-se que a mastite vem assumindo importância cada vez maior nos rebanhos voltados para produção de carne, sendo encontrados resultados de pesquisa, principalmente na espécie ovina. A mastite estafilocócica corresponde à maior fração nas infecções intramamárias em pequenos ruminantes. O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras. Algumas das ferramentas de diagnóstico ainda necessitam de padronização, principalmente para espécie caprina que apresenta uma série de particularidades. Ainda são discutidas as principais estratégias de controle como o manejo de fêmeas e suas crias, os procedimentos de ordenha e a utilização de vacinas.<br>The present reviews mastitis in small ruminants, focusing important aspects of etiology, epidemiology, diagnose, control, and prophylaxis. There was a special concern in review studies developed in Brazil, since mastitis results from a combination of many factors such as environmental and management conditions that concur for the action of etiological agents and for the epidemiology of this relevant disease. The prevalence mastitis in goats varies from 22 to 75%, with higher frequency of subclinical cases. In Brazil there are few studies about epidemiologic aspects of mastitis in small ruminants. In the other hand, the disease has growing in importance in meat producing small ruminants, mainly sheep. The mastitis caused by staphylococci is the most prevalent in small ruminants. The zoonotic importance of some milk pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus emphasizes the importance of the elimination this bacteria by carriers between goat and sheep milk farms. Some diagnostic techniques need more standardization, especially those used in goats that demonstrated some peculiarities. Mastitis control strategies will be discussed include the management of the females and their offspring, milking procedures and vaccination protocols

Caracterização fenotípica, produção de biofilme e resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados de Staphylococcus spp. obtidos de casos de mastite em bovinos e bubalinos

No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a sussuscetibilidade aos principais antimicrobianos e realizar uma caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de isolados de Staphylococcus spp. obtidos de casos de mastite em vacas (n=30) e búfalas (n=30). A suscetibilidade foi avaliada pela técnica de disco-difusão e a presença de bomba de efluxo foi avaliada utilizando-se Ágar Mueller Hinton (MH) adicionado de brometo de etídeo e pesquisa do gene msrA. Pela técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) ainda foram identificados os genes mecA, blaZ e ermA, B e C, que posteriormente foram associados com os métodos fenotípicos para a identificação de resistência a antimicrobianos. A caracterização da formação de biofilme foi realizada utilizandose os métodos Ágar Vermelho Congo (CRA), Aderência em Placa e a identificação do gene icaD. Pelo método de discodifusão, os Staphylococcus spp. apresentaram alta sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. O índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA) apresentou variação de 0 a 0,5. Na pesquisa de bomba de efluxo, 26,7% das amostras foram positivas ao método fenotípico e 6,7% ao método genotípico (gene msrA). Os genes erm, mecA e blaZ foram detectados, respectivamente, em 1,7%, 6,7% e 11,7% das amostras de Staphylococcus spp. Na produção de biofilme, 23,3% dos isolados foram considerados positivos no CRA, 50,0% na Aderência em Placas e 8,3% na PCR pela detecção do gene icaD. Observou-se que os isolados obtidos de amostras bovinas apresentaram uma menor sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos no teste de disco-difusão quando comparados com as amostras bubalinas. A caracterização destes isolados é importante para orientar uma antibioticoterapia bem planejada. A presença de biofilme nos isolados pode estar associada a outros fatores que não a resistência às drogas antimicrobianas

Caracterização fenotípica, produção de biofilme e resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados de Staphylococcus spp. obtidos de casos de mastite em bovinos e bubalinos Phemotypic characterization, biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from cattle and buffaloes mastitis

No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a sussuscetibilidade aos principais antimicrobianos e realizar uma caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de isolados de Staphylococcus spp. obtidos de casos de mastite em vacas (n=30) e búfalas (n=30). A suscetibilidade foi avaliada pela técnica de disco-difusão e a presença de bomba de efluxo foi avaliada utilizando-se Ágar Mueller Hinton (MH) adicionado de brometo de etídeo e pesquisa do gene msrA. Pela técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) ainda foram identificados os genes mecA, blaZ e ermA, B e C, que posteriormente foram associados com os métodos fenotípicos para a identificação de resistência a antimicrobianos. A caracterização da formação de biofilme foi realizada utilizandose os métodos Ágar Vermelho Congo (CRA), Aderência em Placa e a identificação do gene icaD. Pelo método de discodifusão, os Staphylococcus spp. apresentaram alta sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. O índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA) apresentou variação de 0 a 0,5. Na pesquisa de bomba de efluxo, 26,7% das amostras foram positivas ao método fenotípico e 6,7% ao método genotípico (gene msrA). Os genes erm, mecA e blaZ foram detectados, respectivamente, em 1,7%, 6,7% e 11,7% das amostras de Staphylococcus spp. Na produção de biofilme, 23,3% dos isolados foram considerados positivos no CRA, 50,0% na Aderência em Placas e 8,3% na PCR pela detecção do gene icaD. Observou-se que os isolados obtidos de amostras bovinas apresentaram uma menor sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos no teste de disco-difusão quando comparados com as amostras bubalinas. A caracterização destes isolados é importante para orientar uma antibioticoterapia bem planejada. A presença de biofilme nos isolados pode estar associada a outros fatores que não a resistência às drogas antimicrobianas.<br>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and to perform the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates from mastitis cases in cattle (n=30) and buffaloes (n=30). The susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs was performed by disk diffusion test and the presence of efflux pump was evaluated in Mueller Hinton (MH) Agar supplemented with ethidium bromide as well as by detection of msrA gene. Similarly, the PCR technique was done to detect mecA, blaZ and ermA, B e C genes, that were related after with the presence of antimicrobial resistance in disk diffusion test. The formation of biofilm was characterized using Congo Red Agar (CRA), microplate adherence and detection of icaD gene. Staphylococcus spp. isolates shown high antimicrobial susceptibility in disk diffusion test. The multidrug resistance (MDR) rate ranged from 0 and 0,5. In the efflux pump test, 26.7% of Staphylococcus spp. strains were positive in phenotypic method and 6.7% in PCR for msrA gene. The erm, mecA and blaZ genes were detected in 1.7%, 6.7% and 11.7% of Staphylococcus spp. strains respectively. In biofilm production tests, 23.3% of the samples were positive in CRA, 50% in microplate adherence test and 8.3% in icaD gene PCR. The cattle isolates were less sensitive to antimicrobial drugs when compared to the buffaloes ones. The characterization of these isolates is very important to guide a successful antimicrobial therapy. The biofilm presence in the isolates may be associated with other factors besides antimicrobial resistance

Etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus spp. and risk factors associated with bovine mastitis in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco

The purpose of this paper was to study the etiology of mastitis, determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus spp. and to identify the risk factors associated with infection in dairy cows in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil. From the 2,064 milk samples analyzed, 2.6% were associated with cases of clinical mastitis and 28.2% with subclinical mastitis. In the microbiological culture, Staphylococcus spp. (49.1%) and Corynebacterium spp. (35.3%) were the main agents found, followed by Prototheca spp. (4.6%) and Gram negative bacilli (3.6%). In the antimicrobial susceptibility testing, all 218 Staphylococcus spp. were susceptible to rifampicin and the least effective drug was amoxicillin (32.6%). Multidrug resistance to three or more drugs was observed in 65.6% of Staphylococcus spp. The risk factors identified for mastitis were the extensive production system, not providing feed supplements, teat drying process, not disinfecting the teats before and after milking, and inadequate hygiene habits of the milking workers. The presence of multiresistant isolates in bovine milk demonstrates the importance of the choice and appropriate use of antimicrobial agents. Prophylactic and control measures, including teat antisepsis and best practices for achieving hygienic milking should be established in order to prevent new cases of the disease in herds