7 research outputs found
Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
The article analyses legal approaches to the public private partnership as the form of interaction between public institutions and business, there are outspoken concrete proposals and recommendations related with the perspectives of its development in Russia.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°, Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°
The author analyses foreign experience of public-private partnership, models of legal regulation of public-private partnership in foreign countries, principles of interaction between public institutions and business in realization of joint projects, there are outspoken concrete recommendations related with the perspectives of development of public-private partnership.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°
Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ COVID-19 Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 2020 Π³.
Background.The COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation, which began in March 2020, caused serious damage to health of the population and led to severe economic losses. By December 28, 2020, 3 078 035 cases of COVID-19 and 55 265 lethal outcomes were registered in the country. The population of all territorial subjects of the country is involved in the epidemic process of COVID-19. The severe epidemiological situation made it necessary to conduct an analysis to identify the factors that determine the high intensity of the epidemic process, as well as the population groups with the highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Aims to study the patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread and the epidemiological features of the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian Federation in 2020.
Methods.An epidemiological analysis of the COVID-19 situation in the Russian Federation was carried out to determine the dynamics of morbidity, the gender proportion and age structure of patients, the proportion of hospitalized patients, the ratio of various forms of infection, the social and professional status of patients. Standard methods of descriptive statistics Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA 12.0 (StatSoft, USA) were used for statistical processing. The mean values were estimated with a 95% confidence interval [95% CI] (the exact Klopper Pearson method).
Results.During the observation time (2020), several periods were identified in the dynamics of the new COVID-19 cases detection: the period of importation of SARS-CoV-2 and the increase in morbidity, the period of epidemic decline, the period of autumn growth, the period of sustained high incidence of COVID-19. It was found that people over 70 years of age are the group with the highest risk of infection and a more severe course of COVID-19. The presence of target contingents among social and professional groups of the population, which should include medical workers, retired person, employees of educational institutions, law enforcement agencies, transport, who require special attention and medical and social support, was shown.
Conclusions.The analysis showed that the large-scale spread of COVID-19 requires in-depth epidemiological studies and the development of additional disease control measures, taking into account the dynamics of the incidence of this socially significant infection.ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡCOVID-19Π²Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 2020 Π³., Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ± Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌ.Π28 Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ 2020 Π³.Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 3 078 035 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡCOVID-19ΠΈ55 265 Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².ΠΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡCOVID-19 Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’ΡΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°,Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡSARS-CoV-2.
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡSARS-CoV-2ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈCOVID-19Π²Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΠ²2020 Π³.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΠΏΠΎCOVID-19Π²Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ
, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ
.ΠΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Microsoft ExcelΠΈSTATISTICA 12.0 (StatSoft, Π‘Π¨Π). Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ 95% Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° [95% ΠΠ] (ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°).
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (2020 Π³.) Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π²Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π²COVID-19: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ·Π°SARS-CoV-2ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈCOVID-19. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ,ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 70 Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉΡΠ½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌCOVID-19. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ,ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»,ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ COVID-19 ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
Identifying counterfeit medicines using near infrared spectroscopy
Counterfeit medicines are a growing threat to public health across the world and screening methods are needed to allow their rapid identification. A counterfeiter must duplicate both the physical characteristics and the chemical content of a proprietary product to avoid it being detected as a counterfeit product and this is almost impossible to get right. Counterfeit proprietary medicines are, therefore, relatively easy to identify by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy which can detect physical as well as chemical differences between products by simple spectral comparison. Identifying generic products is more difficult as they use different excipients in the tablet or capsule matrix. Nevertheless, using appropriate models and a large library, NIR spectroscopy can detect counterfeit generic versions. Detecting sub-standard proprietary medicines can be carried out with NIR spectroscopy models and the most widely used is partial least squares regression (PLSR). General rules for generating accurate quantitative models are easy to describe. Quantifying the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in generic products can also be carried out using PLSR models with calibration samples generated by manufacturing laboratory samples or by collecting many generic versions of a medicine so as to obtain a good range of the API content in tablets and capsules. Using hand-held instruments or mobile laboratories allows NIR spectrometers to be taken to places where analyses may be made quickly, rather than taking the samples to a laboratory. This has the enormous advantage that the screening of large numbers of samples may be made in pharmacies and wholesalers. Imaging can bring a whole new dimension to NIR spectroscopy to allow the identification of the API and individual excipients as well as measuring the particle sizes of components and giving a measure of the homogeneity of the matrix. The effect of water on potential misidentifications may be obviated by only using blister-packed samples, having large spectral libraries subjected to different humidities or omitting the spectral region where water absorbs.Peer reviewe