A Systematic Review and Development of Best Practice in the Usage of Video Recording During Debriefing of Simulation with Undergraduate Nursing Students

The purpose of this evidence based project was to evaluate current literature and synthesize the best practice guidelines for debriefing and video-assisted debriefing (VAD) as it relates to simulation-based learning for undergraduate nursing students. Presently, high fidelity patient simulators (HFPS) and various debriefing techniques are used in many different occupational fields. Facilitator led verbal debriefing is a standard practice in nursing schools following a simulation to guide student reflection and learning. Newer technology, however, is now allowing for video-recording and annotation of simulations for enhanced debriefing sessions and can be used for immediate review. Some evidence-based guidelines exist for standard debriefing; however, there is limited research for both VAD and the facilitator’s role. This project provides an operational definition which promotes assimilation into real-world practice by explaining the attributes of VAD: reflection, feedback, self-efficacy, and behavioral identification. Guidelines focus on tools for the facilitator to lead a VAD session. The Kolb Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) and framework was used for this project (Kolb, 1984)

Förderung und Weiterentwicklung des Ökologischen Landbaus aus betrieblicher Perspektive: Eine Befragung von Landwirt- Innen aus dem Praxis-Forschungs-Netz des Thünen-Institutes

Organic farming in Germany benefits from a large number of different national and regional political measures, in addition to a positive development of general demand of organic products. Despite these favorable conditions, however, fewer and fewer farms convert to organic farming. With the aim to expand the organically farmed land in Germany, the BMEL initiated the "Strategy for the Future of Organic Farming". One topic is to examine the possibilities of the development and improvement of the current organic subsidies policy. A nationwide survey amongst organic farms will also take into consideration the support of organic farming from the farmers’ point of view. In this context, 218 organic farms from all over Germany who participated in a comprehensive structural and situational analysis of organic farming in Germany in the year 2002/2003 were asked to participate in a follow-up survey. For 210 farmers it was possible to contact them again, 177 are still working under organic guidelines, 92 agreed to participate again

Dendritic flux penetration in Pb films with a periodic array of antidots

We explore the flux-jump regime in type-II Pb thin films with a periodic array of antidots by means of magneto-optical measurements. A direct visualization of the magnetic flux distribution allows to identify a rich morphology of flux penetration patterns. We determine the phase boundary $H^*(T)$ between dendritic penetration at low temperatures and a smooth flux invasion at high temperatures and fields. For the whole range of fields and temperatures studied, guided vortex motion along the principal axes of the square pinning array is clearly observed. In particular, the branching process of the dendrite expansion is fully governed by the underlying pinning topology. A comparative study between macroscopic techniques and direct local visualization shed light onto the puzzling $T-$ and $H-$independent magnetic response observed at low temperatures and fields. Finally, we find that the distribution of avalanche sizes at low temperatures can be described by a power law with exponent $\tau \sim 0.9(1)$

Ökologischer Landbau in Deutschland: Ein aktuelles Stimmungsbild aus der Praxis

In order explore the past development, the current situation and the future prospects of organic farming in Germany from a farm , a nationwide survey has been carried out. In total, 218 organic farms from all over Germany who participated in a comprehensive status quo analysis of organic farming in the year 2002/2003 were asked to participate in a follow-up survey fourteen years later. 92 organic farms agreed to do so. Most of them assess the current situation positively. Also their current income situation and the general development opportunities in organic farming make them optimistic. Growth opportunities and the assessments of the lease market however are described in a rather negative light. The evaluation of the vocational training in organic farming is seen as inadequate and illustrates a need for action at this point

Confidence Investigation of Discovering Organizational Network Structures Using Transfer Entropy

Transfer entropy has long been used to discover network structures and relationships based on the behavior of nodes in the system, especially for complex adaptive systems. Using the fact that organizations often behave as complex adaptive systems, transfer entropy can be applied to discover the relationships and structure within an organizational network. The organizational structures are built using a model developed by Dodd, Watts, et al, and a simulation method for complex adaptive supply networks is used to create node behavior data. The false positive rate and true positive rates are established for various organizational structures and compared to a basic tree. This study provides a baseline understanding for the accuracy that can be expected when discovering organizational networks using these techniques. It also highlights conditions in which it may be more difficult to successfully discover a network structure using transfer entropy and bounds confidence levels for practitioners of such methods

Confidence Investigation of Discovering Organizational Network Structures Using Transfer Entropy

Transfer entropy has long been used to discover network structures and relationships based on the behavior of nodes in the system, especially for complex adaptive systems. Using the fact that organizations often behave as complex adaptive systems, transfer entropy can be applied to discover the relationships and structure within an organizational network. The organizational structures are built using a model developed by Dodd, Watts, et al, and a simulation method for complex adaptive supply networks is used to create node behavior data. The false positive rate and true positive rates are established for various organizational structures and compared to a basic tree. This study provides a baseline understanding for the accuracy that can be expected when discovering organizational networks using these techniques. It also highlights conditions in which it may be more difficult to successfully discover a network structure using transfer entropy and bounds confidence levels for practitioners of such methods

Using Information-theoretic Principles to Analyze and Evaluate Complex Adaptive Supply Network Architectures

Information-theoretic principles can be applied to the study of complex adaptive supply networks (CASN). Previous modeling efforts of CASN were impeded by the complex, dynamic nature of the systems. However, information theory provides a model-free approach to the problem removing many of those barriers. Understanding how principles such as transfer entropy, excess entropy/predictive information, information storage, and separable information apply in the context of supply networks opens up new ways of studying these complex systems. Additionally, these principles provide the potential for new business analytics which give managers of CASN new insights into the system\u27s health, behavior, and eventual control strategies

Molecular mechanism of mast cell–mediated innate defense against endothelin and snake venom sarafotoxin

Mast cells are protective against snake venom sarafotoxins that belong to the endothelin (ET) peptide family. The molecular mechanism underlying this recently recognized innate defense pathway is unknown, but secretory granule proteases have been invoked. To specifically disrupt a single protease function without affecting expression of other proteases, we have generated a mouse mutant selectively lacking mast cell carboxypeptidase A (Mc-cpa) activity. Using this mutant, we have now identified Mc-cpa as the essential protective mast cell enzyme. Mass spectrometry of peptide substrates after cleavage by normal or mutant mast cells showed that removal of a single amino acid, the C-terminal tryptophan, from ET and sarafotoxin by Mc-cpa is the principle molecular mechanism underlying this very rapid mast cell response. Mast cell proteases can also cleave ET and sarafotoxin internally, but such “nicking” is not protective because intramolecular disulfide bridges maintain peptide function. We conclude that mast cells attack ET and sarafotoxin exactly at the structure required for toxicity, and hence sarafotoxins could not “evade” Mc-cpa's substrate specificity without loss of toxicity

FcRn-mediated antibody transport across epithelial cells revealed by electron tomography

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports maternal IgG across epithelial barriers, thereby providing the fetus or newborn with humoral immunity before its immune system is fully functional. In newborn rats, FcRn transfers IgG from milk to blood by apical-to-basolateral transcytosis across intestinal epithelial cells. The pH difference between the apical (pH 6.0–6.5) and basolateral (pH 7.4) sides of intestinal epithelial cells facilitates the efficient unidirectional transport of IgG, because FcRn binds IgG at pH 6.0–6.5 but not at pH 7 or more. As milk passes through the neonatal intestine, maternal IgG is removed by FcRn-expressing cells in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum); remaining proteins are absorbed and degraded by FcRn-negative cells in the distal small intestine (ileum). Here we use electron tomography to make jejunal transcytosis visible directly in space and time, developing new labelling and detection methods to map individual nanogold-labelled Fc within transport vesicles and simultaneously to characterize these vesicles by immunolabelling. Combining electron tomography with a nonperturbing endocytic label allowed us to conclusively identify receptor-bound ligands, resolve interconnecting vesicles, determine whether a vesicle was microtubule-associated, and accurately trace FcRn-mediated transport of IgG. Our results present a complex picture in which Fc moves through networks of entangled tubular and irregular vesicles, only some of which are microtubule-associated, as it migrates to the basolateral surface. New features of transcytosis are elucidated, including transport involving multivesicular body inner vesicles/tubules and exocytosis through clathrin-coated pits. Markers for early, late and recycling endosomes each labelled vesicles in different and overlapping morphological classes, revealing spatial complexity in endo-lysosomal trafficking