Study of the within-breed genetic diversity in the murciano-granadina goat with microsatellites

Granadina goats, Murciana goats and their crosses are included in the same genealogical book that is managed by two different breeders associations: the Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caprinos de Raza Murciano-Granadina and the Asociación de Criadores de Cabras Murcianas ACRIMUR. Both populations form the Murciano-Granadina breed, reported in this way in the Catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de España. This common genetic management has had excellent benefits like the international recognition of the Murciano-Granadina breed, but it is possible that the no distinction between crossbreed animals would produce a genetic absorption of the Granadina population by the Murciana one. This fact would conduce to an important lost of genetic diversity, especially for Andalucía that would lost one of their most emblematic genetic resource. There are a lot of scientific publications about productive, reproductive or genetic characters of the Murciano-Granadina considering one unique population. In this work we study the within-breed diversity of the Murciano-Granadina breed in order to determine the real genetic differences between these two populations: Murciana and Granadina.Actualmente tanto las cabras Granadinas como las cabras Murcianas, así como sus cruces se inscriben en un único libro genealógico gestionado por dos asociaciones de criadores: la Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caprinos de Raza Murciano-Granadina y la Asociación de Criadores de Cabras Murcianas ACRIMUR. Oficialmente ambas poblaciones se integran en una única raza llamada Murciano-Granadina, incluida como tal en el catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de España. Esta gestión genética común por una parte ha producido efectos muy beneficiosos como ha sido el reconocimiento internacional de la raza Murciano-Granadina, pero puede que no discriminar animales cruzados entre ambas poblaciones esté produciendo un fenómeno de absorción de la cabra Granadina tradicional por parte de la cabra Murciana, algo que sería una pérdida de diversidad muy grave, especialmente para Andalucía que estaría perdiendo uno de sus recursos genéticos más emblemáticos. Debido a la gran importancia que tiene esta raza caprina como la más representativa de España en el panorama internacional, son muchos los trabajos científicos que se han desarrollado sobre distintos aspectos productivos, reproductivos e incluso genéticos, todos ellos considerando una única población denominada Murciano-Granadina. En este estudio se aborda el estudio de la diversidad genética intrarracial de la raza Murciano-Granadina para determinar de una manera fiable y objetiva las diferencias genéticas reales entre estas dos poblaciones caprinas: Murciana y Granadina

Estimation of morphoestructural traits in moxoto breed goats

The raising goat systems in Brazil are characterized as extensive or semi-extensive in the majority of them. In native breeds dominate the extensive system, being common introduction of exotic breed as Anglo Nubian and Boer. In addition, the geographic isolation difficulty change of sires, promote genetic isolation and changes in breed pattern, consequently. The objective of the present work were to evaluate eleven quantitative morphoestructural traits: raised to the withers (RW), raised to the entrance of croup (RC), thoracic perimeter (PT), width of croup (WC), length of croup (LC), width of head (WH), face length (FL), width of face (WF), ear size (ES), shin circumference of the cinnamon (CCi) of 313 Moxoto animal breed of several municipality of Pernambuco and Paraíba States, northeastern, semi arid region of Brazil. According to canonical analyses it is possible to verify diferentiation and sub populations formation.Os sistemas de produção de caprinos no Brasil caracterizam-se na sua maioria como extensivo ou semi-extensivo. Porém, na criação de caprinos nativos predomina o sistema ultra-extensivo, sendo comum a introdução de animais exóticos, principalmente das raças Anglo Nubiana e Boer para cruzamento com o rebanho local, fato que tem contribuído para diluição genética e perda das características raciais.. Além disso, o isolamento geográfico a que estão submetidos, dificulta a troca de reprodutores entre rebanhos, promove isolamento genético e como conseqüência final, mudanças no padrão racial. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar onze variáveis morfo-estruturais de natureza quantitativas, tais como: longitude da cabeça (LC); longitude do rosto (LR); largura da cabeça (LCa); comprimento do corpo (CC); perímetro torácico (PT); altura da cernelha (AC); altura da região sacral (ARS); largura da garupa (LG); longitude da garupa (LGa); perímetro da canela (PCa) e; tamanho da orelha (TO) de 313 animais da raça caprina Moxotó, de diferentes municípios dos Estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba, região semi-árida do Nordeste brasileiro. Pela análise canônica foi possível verificar diferenciação e formação de sub-populações dentro da raça

Use of electrical bioimpedance analysis to evaluate the quality of bovine raw milk

The objective of the present study was to use electrical bioimpedance analysis (BIA) as an alternative method of evaluating the quality of bovine raw milk. Fourteen lactating purebred Dutch cows were used. For the analyses of milk quality and electrical bioimpedance, 140 ml milk per mammary quarter and a homogeneous sample of each animal were collected, totalling 70 samples. The criteria used to evaluate milk quality consisted of somatic cell count (CCS), total bacterial count (CBT), fat, protein, lactose, total solids (ST) and non-greasy solids (SNG) as required by IN No 62/2011. A monofrequential 50 kHz and 800 μA alternating current generator was used for electrical BIAs. The temperature of the raw milk was 5 °C for all samples. Primary resistance and reactance readings were obtained. From these values, the values of impedance, conductance and phase angle were obtained. Correlation analyses were performed to determine the variables used by the regression analyses. The regression analysis was performed using raw milk components as dependent variables and BIA measurements as independent variables. Lactose, ST and SNG were the components of milk that correlated best and presented moderate prediction equations in relation to BIA variables. The prediction equations using resistance showed R2 of 0.42 and 0.45 for ST and SNG, respectively. In the prediction equation for ST and SNG, the conductance resulted in R2 of 0.45, and 0.45, respectively. Regarding impedance, the R2 of 0.42 and 0.45 were obtained for the predicted equations ST and SNG, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that BIA has the potential to estimate the composition and quality of bovine raw milk.Keywords: conductance, impedance, milk compositio

Cissus Sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved In The Anti-inflammatory And Antidiarrheal Activities

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal actions of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Cissus sicyoides (HECS). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by oral administration of HECS against acute model of edema induced by xylene, and the mechanisms of action were analysed by involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The antidiarrheal effect of HECS was observed and we analyzed the motility and accumulation of intestinal fluid. We also analyzed the antidiarrheal mechanisms of action of HECS by evaluating the role of the opioid receptor, α2 adrenergic receptor, muscarinic receptor, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2. The oral administration of HECS inhibited the edema induced by xylene and AA and was also able to significantly decrease the levels of PGE2. The extract also exhibited significant anti-diarrheal activity by reducing motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. This extract significantly reduced intestinal transit stimulated by muscarinic agonist and intestinal secretion induced by PGE2. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HECS is related to PGE2. The antidiarrheal effect of this extract may be mediated by inhibition of contraction by acting on the intestinal smoothmuscle and/or intestinal transit. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.17

High-voltage pulse generator based on sequentially charged MMC-SMs operating in a voltage-boost mode

Pulse forming networks and Marx generators are the classical rectangular waveform pulse generators (PGs). They are inflexible and their capacitors must be fully charged to the required voltage from 0V before delivering each high-voltage (HV) pulse. They are only able to generate unipolar pulses; if bipolar pulses are sought another generator fed from a negative supply voltage is added. Recently, several power electronics based PGs have been proposed. This paper presents an HV power electronics based PG, which is based on Half-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter (HB-MMC) sub-modules (SMs) charged sequentially in a voltage boost mode. Each SM capacitor and main switch form a boost converter with the charging input supply and inductor. As a result, all SM capacitors are charged to a voltage greater than the input. During the discharging process the SM capacitors are connected in series, producing a rectangular HV pulse across the load. The proposed charging method allows a reduction in the converter footprint in comparison with recently proposed MMC sequentially charged PG topologies. Although only rectangular pulse waveforms are sought in this paper, a SM capacitor voltage balance method allows multilevel pulse generation. The viability of the proposed converter is confirmed by MATLAB/Simulink simulation and scaled-down experimentation

Transport properties of copper phthalocyanine based organic electronic devices

Ambipolar charge carrier transport in Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is studied experimentally in field-effect transistors and metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes at various temperatures. The electronic structure and the transport properties of CuPc attached to leads are calculated using density functional theory and scattering theory at the non-equilibrium Green's function level. We discuss, in particular, the electronic structure of CuPc molecules attached to gold chains in different geometries to mimic the different experimental setups. The combined experimental and theoretical analysis explains the dependence of the mobilityand the transmission coefficient on the charge carrier type (electrons or holes) and on the contact geometry. We demonstrate the correspondence between our experimental results on thick films and our theoretical studies of single molecule contacts. Preliminary results for fluorinated CuPc are discussed.Comment: 18 pages, 16 figures; to be published in Eur. Phys. J. Special Topic

Effects induced by Apis mellifera venom and its components in experimental models of nociceptive and inflammatory pain

AbstractThe effects induced by Apis mellifera venom (AMV), melittin-free AMV, fraction with molecular mass < 10 kDa (F<10) or melittin in nociceptive and inflammatory pain models in mice were investigated. Subcutaneous administration of AMV (2, 4 or 6 mg/kg) or melittin-free AMV (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg) into the dorsum of mice inhibited both phases of formaldehyde-induced nociception. However, F<10 (2, 4 or 6 mg/kg) or melittin (2 or 3 mg/kg) inhibited only the second phase. AMV (4 or 6 mg/kg), but not F<10, melittin-free AMV or melittin, induced antinociception in the hot-plate model. Paw injection of AMV (0.05 or 0.10 mg), F<10 (0.05 or 0.1 mg) or melittin (0.025 or 0.050 mg) induced a nociceptive response. In spite of inducing nociception after paw injection, scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) or snake (Bothrops jararaca) venom injected into the dorsum of mice did not inhibit formaldehyde-induced nociception. In addition, AMV (6 mg/kg), but not F<10 (6 mg/kg) or melittin (3 mg/kg), inhibited formaldehyde paw oedema. Concluding, AMV, F<10 and melittin induce two contrasting effects: nociception and antinociception. AMV antinociception involves the action of different components and does not result from non-specific activation of endogenous antinociceptive mechanisms activated by exposure to noxious stimuli

Photoinduced antibacterial activity of the essential oils from Eugenia brasiliensis lam and Piper mosenii C. DC. by blue led light

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and the antibacterial and antibiotic-modulating activities of the essential oils of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam (OEEb) and Piper mosenii C. DC (OEPm) singly or in association with blue LED (Light-emitting diode) light. The antibacterial and antibiotic-modulatory activities of the essential oils on the activity of aminoglycosides were evaluated to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, \u3bcg/mL) in the presence or absence of exposure to blue LED light. The chemical analysis showed \u3b1-pinene and bicyclogermacrene as major constituents of OEPm, whereas \u3b1-muurolol was the main compound of OEEb. Both OEEb and OEPm showed MIC 65 512 \u3bcg/mL against the strains under study. However, the association of these oils with the blue LED light enhanced the action of the aminoglycosides amikacin and gentamicin. In conclusion, the association of aminoglycosides with the blue LED light and essential oils was effective against resistant bacteria