A Look at Mentorship in a Structured Undergraduate Program

From the great deal of research previously done in the area of mentorship, we know that it can be very valuable to individuals across all ages and fields. However, there has not been much research done on how mentorship affects undergraduate students while in a structured program. In this study, we examine aspects of mentorship in a structured undergraduate program from the perspectives of the undergraduate protégés. We aimed to look at what specific mentorship interaction protégés had with their mentors and what aspect of satisfaction protégés had with their mentors. The structured program was the Ronald E. McNair Scholars program, a scholarship program that provides support and resources for those who are first generation, low income, and underrepresented in higher education to conduct research in order to prepare for graduate studies. McNair Scholars are paired with mentors who guide them through their summer research experience. Thirteen current protégé McNair Scholars participated in an approximately ninety to ninety-five question Qualtrics survey assessing mentoring functions, satisfaction, and mentorship recommendations using four previously published surveys, researcher designed questions, and general demographic questions. Those surveys include the following: Mentoring Functions Questionnaire (MFQ-9) (Scandura & Ragins, 1993), Mentoring Role Instrument (Ragins & McFarlin, 1990), Satisfaction with Mentor Scale (Ragins & McFarlin, 1990), and Mentoring Functions Scale (Noe, 1988). These questionnaires included items that could be broken up into 14 different categories including the following: sponsor, acceptance, challenge, coaching, counseling, friendship, psychosocial support, protect, exposure, role modeling, social, parent, career support, and satisfaction. After running a frequency analysis, we found that a higher percentage of protégés did not view their mentors as parents or friends, but a high percentage were still highly satisfied with their mentoring relationship. The data led us to believe that protégés seemed to appreciate career support and guidance rather than social friendships. This study did have limitations such as a small sample size. Further research could aim to obtain a larger sample size and collect data from not only protégés, but also their mentors

Treatment options for progression or recurrence of glioblastoma: a network meta-analysis

For treatment of first recurrence of GBM, among people previously treated with surgery and standard chemoradiotherapy, the combination treatments evaluated did not improve overall survival compared with LOM monotherapy and were often associated with a higher risk of severe adverse events. Limited evidence suggested that re‐operation with or without re‐irradiation and chemotherapy may be suitable for selected candidates. Evidence on second recurrence is sparse. Re‐irradiation with or without bevacizumab may be of value in selected individuals, but more evidence is needed

Treatment options for recurrent glioblastoma: a network meta-analysis

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:. To evaluate the effectiveness of further treatment/s for first and subsequent recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) among people who have received the standard of care for primary treatment of the disease (chemoradiotherapy) or following development of GBM from a lower grade (radiotherapy with subsequent temozolomide at relapse); and to prepare a brief economic commentary on the available evidence

Three-dimensional coherent X-ray diffraction imaging via deep convolutional neural networks

As a critical component of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CDI), phase retrieval has been extensively applied in X-ray structural science to recover the 3D morphological information inside measured particles. Despite meeting all the oversampling requirements of Sayre and Shannon, current phase retrieval approaches still have trouble achieving a unique inversion of experimental data in the presence of noise. Here, we propose to overcome this limitation by incorporating a 3D Machine Learning (ML) model combining (optional) supervised learning with transfer learning. The trained ML model can rapidly provide an immediate result with high accuracy which could benefit real-time experiments, and the predicted result can be further refined with transfer learning. More significantly, the proposed ML model can be used without any prior training to learn the missing phases of an image based on minimization of an appropriate ‘loss function’ alone. We demonstrate significantly improved performance with experimental Bragg CDI data over traditional iterative phase retrieval algorithms

Duration of untreated eating disorder and relationship to outcomes: A systematic review of the literature

Objective: This systematic review assesses the average duration of untreated eating disorder (DUED) in help‐seeking populations at the time of first eating disorder (ED) treatment and investigates the relationship between DUED and symptom severity/clinical outcomes. / Method: PRISMA guidelines were followed throughout. Selected studies provided information on either: (i) length of DUED, (ii) components of DUED, (iii) cross‐sectional associations between DUED and symptom severity, (iv) associations between DUED and clinical outcomes, or (v) experimental manipulation of DUED. Study quality was assessed. / Results: Fourteen studies from seven countries were included. Across studies, average DUED weighted by sample size was 29.9 months for anorexia nervosa, 53.0 months for bulimia nervosa and 67.4 months for binge eating disorder. A younger age at time of first treatment was indicative of shorter DUED. Retrospective studies suggest that a shorter DUED may be related to a greater likelihood of remission. Manipulation of DUED by shortening service‐related delays may improve clinical outcomes. / Conclusions: Data on length of DUED provide a benchmark for early intervention in EDs. Preliminary evidence suggests DUED may be a modifiable factor influencing outcomes in EDs. To accurately determine the role of DUED, definition and measurement must be uniformly operationalised

Assessing the geometry of the Main Himalayan thrust in central Nepal: A thermokinematic approach

Since the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, the relationship between the geometry of megathrusts and the control it exerts over the nucleation and propagation of major earthquakes has become an important topic of debate. In this study, we integrate new geologic mapping, a newly interpreted cross section from the Daraundi valley of central Nepal, two published cross sections from the neighboring Marsyangdi and Budhi Gandaki valleys, and a suite of 270 thermochronometric ages to create an integrated and validated three-dimensional kinematic model for the central Nepal Himalaya. We use this model to investigate the assertion that the westward propagation of the Gorkha rupture was restricted by deep-seated structures in the Main Himalayan thrust. The integrated kinematic model based on these cross sections indicates that the ~30 km southward step in the Main Central thrust system mapped in the Daraundi valley, along with the corresponding step in the distribution of reset muscovite (Ar-Ar) ages, is not the result of a lateral structure in the modern Main Himalayan thrust. Instead, the step in the surface geology is the result of a considerably shorter Trishuli thrust sheet in the Daraundi transect (~30 km compared to between 105 and 120 km in the other transects). The corresponding southward step in the distribution of reset muscovite Ar-Ar ages is the result of the Lesser Himalayan duplex being completely translated over the Main Himalayan thrust ramp, elevating and exposing rocks heated to >400 °C farther south in the Daraundi transect. Our integrated model also highlights the 10–15 km of out-of-sequence thrusting that occurs on the Main Central thrust system across central Nepal. Importantly, these out-of-sequence thrusts sole directly into the modern Main Himalayan thrust ramp, and, together with the distribution of reset zircon (U-Th)/He and apatite fission track ages, show that the modern ramp is distinctly linear from east to west, with no support for a lateral structure at the ramp or to the south

Structure of a seeded palladium nanoparticle and its dynamics during the hydride phase transformation

Palladium absorbs large volumetric quantities of hydrogen at room temperature and ambient pressure, making the palladium hydride system a promising candidate for hydrogen storage. Here, we use Bragg coherent diffraction imaging to map the strain associated with defects in three dimensions before and during the hydride phase transformation of an individual octahedral palladium nanoparticle, synthesized using a seed-mediated approach. The displacement distribution imaging unveils the location of the seed nanoparticle in the final nanocrystal. By comparing our experimental results with a finite-element model, we verify that the seed nanoparticle causes a characteristic displacement distribution of the larger nanocrystal. During the hydrogen exposure, the hydride phase is predominantly formed on one tip of the octahedra, where there is a high number of lower coordinated Pd atoms. Our experimental and theoretical results provide an unambiguous method for future structure optimization of seed-mediated nanoparticle growth and in the design of palladium-based hydrogen storage systems

Practical Evaluation of Lempel-Ziv-78 and Lempel-Ziv-Welch Tries

We present the first thorough practical study of the Lempel-Ziv-78 and the Lempel-Ziv-Welch computation based on trie data structures. With a careful selection of trie representations we can beat well-tuned popular trie data structures like Judy, m-Bonsai or Cedar

Structural Explanation of the Dielectric Enhancement of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles Grown under Hydrothermal Conditions

When synthesized under certain conditions, barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) nanoparticles are found to have the non-thermodynamic cubic structure at room temperature. These particles also have a several-fold enhanced dielectric constant, sometimes exceeding 6000, and are widely used in thin-layer capacitors. A hydrothermal approach is used to synthesize BTO nanocrystals, which are characterized by a range of methods, including X-ray Rietveld refinement and the Williamson–Hall approach, revealing the presence of significant inhomogeneous strain associated with the cubic phase. However, X-ray pair distribution function measurements clearly show the local structure is lower symmetry than cubic. This apparent inconsistency is resolved by examining 3D Bragg coherent diffraction images of selected nanocrystals, which show the existence of ≈50 nm-sized domains, which are interpreted as tetragonal twins, and yet cause the average crystalline structure to appear cubic. The ability of these twin boundaries to migrate under the influence of electric fields explains the dielectric anomaly for the nanocrystalline phase