CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-SEARCH AND SEIZURE -INSPECTION OF PRIVATE DWELLING BY HEALTH OFFICER WITHOUT A WARRANT

A health officer sought to enter and inspect respondent\u27s private home without a search warrant after a neighbor complained that the premises were not clean and wholesome as required by a District of Columbia ordinance. Respondent denied the officer permission to enter and refused to unlock the door, maintaining that his entry would violate her constitutional rights. As a result, respondent was convicted in municipal court of violating an ordinance making it a misdemeanor to interfere with or prevent an authorized sanitation inspection. On appeal, reversal of the conviction by the Municipal Court of Appeals was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on the ground that the constitutional guaranty against unreasonable search and seizure made the ordinance invalid as applied to respondent. On certiorari, the United States Supreme Court, held, affirmed. Since a mere refusal by the occupant of a private dwelling to unlock the door does not amount to interference with or prevention of inspection within the meaning of the District ordinance, consideration of the constitutional issues is unnecessary. Two justices dissented. District of Columbia v. Little, 339 U.S. I, 70 S.Ct. 468 (1950)

Symptoms and their Relationship to Disability Following Treatment for Lower Extremity Tumours

Purpose. The aims of this study were to describe the symptoms experienced by patients in the first year following treatment for lower extremity sarcoma by limb conservation and to describe the relationship between symptoms and physical disability

Confined crystallization of fenofibrate in nanoporous silica

Producing stable nanocrystals confined to porous excipient media is a desirable way to increase the dissolution rate and improve the bioavailability of poorly water soluble pharmaceuticals. The poorly soluble pharmaceutical fenofibrate was crystallized in controlled pore glass (CPG) of 10 different pore sizes between 12 nm and 300 nm. High drug loadings of greater than 20 wt% were achieved across all pore sizes greater than 20 nm. Nanocrystalline fenofibrate was formed in pore sizes greater than 20 nm and showed characteristic melting point depressions following a Gibbs–Thomson relationship as well as enhanced dissolution rates. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to characterize the crystallinity of the confined molecules. These results help to advance the fundamental understanding of nanocrystallization in confined pores.Novartis-MIT Center for Continuous ManufacturingNational Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant EB-002026)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship

Standard Thermodynamic Functions of Tripeptides N-Formyl-L-Methionyl-L-Leucyl-L-Phenylalaninol and N-Formyl-L-Methionyl-L-Leucyl-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester

The heat capacities of tripeptides N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalaninol (N-f-MLF-OH) and N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester (N-f-MLF-OMe) were measured by precision adiabatic vacuum calorimetry over the temperature range from T = (6 to 350) K. The tripeptides were stable over this temperature range, and no phase change, transformation, association, or thermal decomposition was observed. The standard thermodynamic functions: molar heat capacity C[subscript p,m], enthalpy H(T) – H(0), entropy S(T), and Gibbs energy G(T) – H(0) of peptides were calculated over the range from T = (0 to 350) K. The low-temperature (T ≤ 50 K) heat capacities dependencies were analyzed using the Debye’s and the multifractal theories. The standard entropies of formation of peptides at T = 298.15 K were calculated.National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant EB-003151)National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant EB-001960)National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant EB-002026)Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract 14.B37.21.0799

Intra-Arterial Blood Pressure Characteristics during Submaximal Cycling and Recovery

The purpose of this study was to measure intra-arterial (IA) blood pressure from rest to steady-state submaximal exercise and immediately post-exercise. Beat-to-beat blood pressure was compared to breath-by-breath VO2 during steady-state and maximal exercise. Fourteen normotensive subjects volunteered. Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (mBP) blood pressure was measured from rest to steady state during cycling at 45, 60, and 75% maximal power output (POmax). BP was assessed during recovery from VO2peak through 2 min of cycling at 50 W. During the rest to exercise transition, mBP decreased from 103.41 ± 9.4 to 90.1 ± 8.9 mmHg after 11.6 ± 6.2 s (

Course-based Science Research Promotes Learning in Diverse Students at Diverse Institutions

Course-based research experiences (CREs) are powerful strategies for spreading learning and improving persistence for all students, both science majors and nonscience majors. Here we address the crucial components of CREs (context, discovery, ownership, iteration, communication, presentation) found across a broad range of such courses at a variety of academic institutions. We also address how the design of a CRE should vary according to the background of student participants; no single CRE format is perfect. We provide a framework for implementing CREs across multiple institutional types and several disciplines throughout the typical four years of undergraduate work, designed to a variety of student backgrounds. Our experiences implementing CREs also provide guidance on overcoming barriers to their implementation

Protein S blocks the extrinsic apoptotic cascade in tissue plasminogen activator/N-methyl D-aspartate-treated neurons via Tyro3-Akt-FKHRL1 signaling pathway

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) benefits patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, tPA increases the risk for intracerebral bleeding and enhances post-ischemic neuronal injury if administered 3-4 hours after stroke. Therefore, combination therapies with tPA and neuroprotective agents have been considered to increase tPA's therapeutic window and reduce toxicity. The anticoagulant factor protein S (PS) protects neurons from hypoxic/ischemic injury. PS also inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity by phosphorylating Bad and Mdm2 which blocks the downstream steps in the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. To test whether PS can protect neurons from tPA toxicity we studied its effects on tPA/NMDA combined injury which in contrast to NMDA alone kills neurons by activating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Neither Bad nor Mdm2 which are PS's targets and control the intrinsic apoptotic pathway can influence the extrinsic cascade. Thus, based on published data one cannot predict whether PS can protect neurons from tPA/NMDA injury by blocking the extrinsic pathway. Neurons express all three TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) receptors that can potentially interact with PS. Therefore, we studied whether PS can activate TAM receptors during a tPA/NMDA insult.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that PS protects neurons from tPA/NMDA-induced apoptosis by suppressing Fas-ligand (FasL) production and FasL-dependent caspase-8 activation within the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. By transducing neurons with adenoviral vectors expressing the kinase-deficient Akt mutant <it>Akt^K179A</it>and a triple FKHRL1 Akt phosphorylation site mutant (FKHRL1-TM), we show that Akt activation and Akt-mediated phosphorylation of FKHRL1, a member of the Forkhead family of transcription factors, are critical for FasL down-regulation and caspase-8 inhibition. Using cultured neurons from Tyro3, Axl and Mer mutants, we show that Tyro3, but not Axl and Mer, mediates phosphorylation of FHKRL1 that is required for PS-mediated neuronal protection after tPA/NMDA-induced injury.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>PS blocks the extrinsic apoptotic cascade through a novel mechanism mediated by Tyro3-dependent FKHRL1 phosphorylation which inhibits FasL-dependent caspase-8 activation and can control tPA-induced neurotoxicity associated with pathologic activation of NMDA receptors. The present findings should encourage future studies in animal stroke models to determine whether PS can increase the therapeutic window of tPA by reducing its post-ischemic neuronal toxicity.</p

Collective excitations of degenerate Fermi gases in anisotropic parabolic traps

The hydrodynamic low-frequency oscillations of highly degenerate Fermi gases trapped in anisotropic harmonic potentials are investigated. Despite the lack of an obvious spatial symmetry the wave-equation turns out to be separable in elliptical coordinates, similar to a corresponding result established earlier for Bose-condensates. This result is used to give the analytical solution of the anisotropic wave equation for the hydrodynamic modes.Comment: 11 pages, Revte