RETURN ON HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT: CASE STUDY ON THE EXAMPLE OF REGULAR STUDENTS OF ECONOMICS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Sa stajališta suvremenih ekonomskih aktera, ulaganje u obrazovanje općenito, s posebnim naglaskom na visokoškolsko obrazovanje predstavlja kapitalnu investiciju koja postaje jedan od temeljnih čimbenika suvremenih gospodarstava utemeljenih na znanju. Pri investiranju u konvencionalnom smislu, agent u odnos stavlja očekivane troškove i koristi, u skladu s njima ocjenjuje uspješnost projekta te odlučuje o plasmanu kapitala. No, prilikom investicije u ljudski kapital nerijetko dolazi do zanemarivanja ekonomske isplativosti što, s obzirom na to da je riječ o dugoročnom ulaganju koje počinje nositi koristi nakon više od jednog desetljeća, ima značajne implikacije u procjeni rizičnosti te posljedično uspješnosti investicije. U skladu s navedenim, u radu se analiziraju troškovi investicije u obrazovanje, očekivane koristi, oportunitetni trošak („propušteni“ dohodak) te vrijeme potrebno da se investicija isplati. Istraživanje se provelo na redovitim studentima ekonomskih fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Splitu, Rijeci i Osijeku. Investicija u visokoškolsko obrazovanje evaluirana je s obzirom na njezin dugoročni ishod, uz temeljno istraživačko pitanje hoće li potencijalne koristi u obliku povećanih dohodaka u budućnosti premašiti troškove inicijalne investicije i propuštene alternative. Rezultati analize pokazali su da je promatrana investicija u visokoškolsko obrazovanje isplativa. Vrijeme povrata investicije za studente koji primaju državnu subvenciju (ne plaćaju trošak školarine) iznosi 9,1 godinu, dok za studente koji plaćaju tržišnu cijenu školarine vrijeme povrata iznosi 10,0 godina. Uz pretpostavku da student nakon završetka srednje škole (u dobi od 20 godina) upiše fakultet, investiciju će u potpunosti isplatiti kada navrši 34, odnosno 35 godina (u skladu s ograničenjima modela). Ispravnost modela se testirala na primjeru iz prakse zaposlenih u javnim službama. Konkretan slučaj, uz minimalna odstupanja, potvrdio je pretpostavku isplativosti ulaganja kao i važnost te nužnost obrazovanja u životu suvremenih ekonomskih aktera, kao temeljnu hipotezu rada.From the viewpoint of modern economic actors, investment in education in general, with special emphasis on university education, represents a capital investment which is becoming one of the most fundamental factors of modern knowledge-based economies. When making investments in the conventional sense, the agent takes into account the expected costs and benefi ts, accordingly evaluates the potential success of the project and makes a decision on the placement of capital. On the other hand, when investment is made in human capital, economic viability is commonly overlooked since such investment is of a long-term nature and begins to bring benefits aft er more than a decade, which has significant implications on risk assessment and consequently, on the success of the investment itself. In accordance with the above, this paper presents an analysis of the costs of investment in education, the expected benefits, opportunity cost („given up“ income) and the time necessary for the investment to pay off . The research was carried out on regular students of faculties of economics of the universities of Zagreb, Split, Rijeka and Osijek. Investment in university education was evaluated from the aspect of long-term outcome, with the main research question being whether the potential benefi ts in the form of increased income in the future will exceed the costs of the initial investment and the missed alternative. The results of the analysis revealed that the examined investment in university education is indeed cost-eff ective. The investment payback period for students receiving state scholarships (not paying tuition fees themselves) equals 9.1 years, while for students who pay the market price of tuition fees, the payback period equals 10.0 years. Assuming that the student enrols in university after finishing secondary school (at the age of 20), a full return on the investment shall be made when they turn 34 or 35 (in accordance with the model’s limitations). Soundness of the model was tested on an example from practice including public service employees. The case in question, with minimum deviations, confirmed the assumption of viability of investments as well as the importance and necessity of education in the lives of modern economic actors, as the main hypothesis of this paper

Examining the Presence of ABO(H) Antigens of Blood Types in the Saliva of Patients with Oral Cancer

Number of researches dealing with the influence of the ABO blood group antigens on the development of the oral cancer have hypothesized that people who do not secrete these substances in the saliva are more prone to suffer from this disease. The objective of this research is to examine this hypothesis. In total 114 subjects were examined, half of which suffered from oral cancer, while the other half was the healthy control group. All examinees were subjected to clinical examinations and the experimental group to pathohistological examination. An analysis of the secretor status was carried out using the Wiener agglutination test. The experimental group consisted of 78,95% of secretors, while the control group consisted of 82,46% of secretors. This difference is not statistically significant. The starting hypothesis that non-secretors are more prone to the development of oral cancer was not confirmed

Implant Prosthetic Rehabilitation of the Patients with Mandibular Resection Following Oral Malignoma Surgery

Patient underwent mandibular resection due to surgical therapy of oropharingeal malignoma. Facial asymmetry and cosmetic distortion are frequent consequences of such interventions, which may also include deviation and intrusion of the mandible, motor and sensory disorders, abnormal intermaxillary relations and malocclusion. Implant-supported prosthesis could be an optimal solution to prosthodontic treatment of such patients. However, there is a problem in determination of stable (interocclusal) intermaxillary relations. This article describes the choice of therapy and procedures undertaken in prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient who underwent mandibular resection and radiotherapy with supported prosthesis retained with four implants

Oral cavity and oropharyngeal carcinoma – sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of surgically managed patients at the Clinics for maxillofacial and oral surgery of the Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka

Cilj: Ispitati sociodemografske karakteristike pacijenata s oralnim karcinomom, kliničkekarakteristike samog tumora te učestalost pojedine vrste kirurškog liječenja. Metode: Retrospektivna analiza povijesti bolesti 195 pacijenata s karcinomom usne šupljine i orofarinksa. Rezultati: Pacijenti su najčešće bili muškog spola (76,9 %), dok je 23,1 % pacijenata bilo ženskog spola. Medijan dobi sudionika iznosio je 61 godinu. Više od 2/3 pacijenata (67 %) konzumira alkohol, 70 % pacijenata su pušači. Pacijenti najčešće boluju od kardiovaskularnih bolesti (35,9 %). Dvije najčešće i podjednako česte lokalizacije jesu dno usne šupljine i retromolarna regija s tonzilama i nepčanim lukovima, svaka po 23,6 %. Većina pacijenata (53,8 %) imala je T2 veličinu tumora, 53,8 % pacijenata imalo je N0 status limfnih čvorova vrata, dok je 46,2 % pacijenata imalo metastaze na vratu. Najmanje pacijenata imalo je stadij I bolesti kod dolaska (9,2 %), dok su ostala tri stadija gotovo podjednako zastupljena. Samo 14,9 % pacijenata imalo je intraoralnu eksciziju tumora (bez disekcije vrata i bez resekcije mandibule), dok je 45,6 % pacijenata imalo najopsežniji kirurški zahvat „commando sa segmentnom resekcijom mandibule“. Samo kod 21,5 % pacijenata za zatvaranje postoperativnog defekta nije bila potrebna rekonstrukcija, dok je kod 78,4 % rekonstrukcija defekta bila nužna. Rekonstrukcija defekta najčešće je (46,64 %) učinjena s regionalnim vezanim režnjem „pektoralis major mišićem“ (PMR). Većina pacijenata (71,2 %) postoperativno je imala privremenu traheostomu (kanilu). Samo 12 pacijenata (6,15 %) nakon operativnog zahvata nije trebalo nazogastričnu sondu ili gastrostomu. Većina pacijenata (82,56 %) tijekom operativnog zahvata i nakon njega nije trebala transfuziju krvi. Zaključak: Istraživanje pokazuje da pacijenti s oralnim karcinomom rijetko dolaze u ranoj fazi bolesti, iako je većina karcinoma u usnoj šupljini vrlo vidljiva i dostupna pregledu. Rano otkrivanje karcinoma usne šupljine i orofarinksa smanjuje morbiditet, mortalitet i povećava kvalitetu života takvih pacijenta, dok liječenje uznapredovanog karcinoma iziskuje veći kirurški zahvat, predstavlja veću mutilaciju i lošiju prognozu bolesti.Aim: To examine the social and demographic characteristics of patients with oral cancer, clinical characteristics of the tumour and the incidence of certain types of surgical treatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical history of 195 patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Results: Most patients were male (76.9 %), whereas 23.1 % of patients were female. The median age was 61 years. More than two thirds of patients (67 %) consumed alcohol, and 70 % of patients were smokers. The most common comorbidity was cardiovascular disease (35.9 %). The two most common and equally frequent localizations of the carcinoma were the floor of the mouth and retromolar region with the palatine tonsils, each with frequency of 23.6 %. Most patients (53.8 %) had a T2 tumour size and 53.8 % of them had N0 neck lymph node status, whereas 46.2 % of patients had metastases in the neck. The least number of patients had Stage I disease (9.2 %), whereas the other three stages were almost equally represented. Only 14.9 % of patients were treated with intraoral tumour excision (without neck dissection and without resection of the mandible), and 45.6 % of patients had the most extensive surgery “commando with segmental resection of the mandible”. Only 21.5 % of patients did not need reconstruction for the postoperative closure of the defect, whereas the reconstruction was necessary in 78.4 % of patients. The most common reconstruction was with regional flap “pectoralis major muscle” in 46.64 % of cases. Postoperative temporary tracheostoma was performed in 71.2 % patients. Only 12 patients (6.15 %) did not need nasogastric tube or gastrostomy after surgery. Blood transfusion was not needed in 82.56 % patients during and after the surgery. Conclusion: This study shows that patients with oral cancer rarely come at an early stage of the disease, although the majority of the oral cavity cancers are very visible and accessible. Early detection of the oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer reduce morbidity, mortality and increase quality of life of these patients. Advanced oral cancer treatment require major surgery, greater mutilation and have worse prognosis

The use of extraoral autologous bone graft in alveolar ridge augmentation

Ekstraoralni autologni koštani transplantati koriste se za augmentaciju u slučaju vrlo velikog koštanog deficita alveolarnog grebena. Najčešća donatorska mjesta ovih transplantata su krista ilijaka i kalvarija. Transplantati uzeti s ovih mjesta koriste se najčešće kao koštani blokovi koji se vijkom pričvršćuju za površinu kosti u primajućoj regiji, a mogu se koristiti i kao mljeveni materijal, samljeven u koštanom mlincu. Oba ova transplantata količinski zadovoljavaju i u najsloženijim defektima, a razlikuju se po strukturi i embrionalnom podrijetlu što im određuje karakteristike i utiče na odabir jednoga od njih. Radi se o vrlo učinkovitoj rekonstruktivnoj metodi koja daje dobre rezultate u visokom postotku, a komplikacije su vrlo rijetke.In cases of great bone loss of the alveolar ridge, extraoral autologous grafts are used for augmentation. The most frequent donor sites for these grafts are iliac crest and calvaria. Grafts taken from these sites are mostly used as bone blocks that are fixed with a screw to the bone in the host site. These grafts can also be used as bone chips prepared with a bone mill. Both types of grafts are quantitatively sufficient even in the most complicated cases. They differ in structure and embryonic origin, which determines their characteristics and influences their selection. This is a very effective reconstructive method, which yields a high rate of good results and has rare complications

Temporomandibular disorders – minimally invasive surgical treatment options: arthrocenthesis and arthroscopy

Temporomandibularni poremećaj (TMP) obuhvaća različite kliničke dijagnoze orofa- cijalnog bola koji nastaje u žvačnim mišićima, čeljusnom zglobu i okolnim strukturama. Temporomandibularni poremećaj mišićne geneze liječi se konzervativno, dok je kod TMP-a artrogenog podrijetla često indicirano kirurško liječenje. Najčešće se koriste minimalno invazivne tehnike liječenja, gdje spadaju artrocenteza i artroskopija temporomandibularnog zgloba. Artrocenteza podrazumijeva lavažu zgloba „naslijepo” bez kontrole oka. Artroskopija je endo- skopska kirurška metoda koja omogućuje liječenje s minimalnim oštećenjem tkiva, s vrlo rijetkim komplikacijama, bez postoperativnog ožiljka jer je artroskop debljine svega 2 mm, te predstavlja sigurnu tehniku s dobrim rezultatima.Temporomadibular disorder (TMD) encompasses a variety of clinical diagnosis with the symptom of orofacial pain caused by the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint and surrounding structures. Nonarticular temporomandibular disorder (usually forms of myalgia) is treated conservatively, while the articular temporomandibular disorders often need surgical treatment. The most commonly used are minimally in- vasive treatment techniques. Arthrocentesis is ”blind” joint lavage. Arthroscopy is an endoscopic surgical method that allows treatment with minimal tissue damage, with very few complications, without postoperative scar because the arthroscope thickness is only 2 mm, it is a safe technique with good results

Temporomandibular disorders – minimally invasive surgical treatment options: arthrocenthesis and arthroscopy

Temporomandibularni poremećaj (TMP) obuhvaća različite kliničke dijagnoze orofa- cijalnog bola koji nastaje u žvačnim mišićima, čeljusnom zglobu i okolnim strukturama. Temporomandibularni poremećaj mišićne geneze liječi se konzervativno, dok je kod TMP-a artrogenog podrijetla često indicirano kirurško liječenje. Najčešće se koriste minimalno invazivne tehnike liječenja, gdje spadaju artrocenteza i artroskopija temporomandibularnog zgloba. Artrocenteza podrazumijeva lavažu zgloba „naslijepo” bez kontrole oka. Artroskopija je endo- skopska kirurška metoda koja omogućuje liječenje s minimalnim oštećenjem tkiva, s vrlo rijetkim komplikacijama, bez postoperativnog ožiljka jer je artroskop debljine svega 2 mm, te predstavlja sigurnu tehniku s dobrim rezultatima.Temporomadibular disorder (TMD) encompasses a variety of clinical diagnosis with the symptom of orofacial pain caused by the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint and surrounding structures. Nonarticular temporomandibular disorder (usually forms of myalgia) is treated conservatively, while the articular temporomandibular disorders often need surgical treatment. The most commonly used are minimally in- vasive treatment techniques. Arthrocentesis is ”blind” joint lavage. Arthroscopy is an endoscopic surgical method that allows treatment with minimal tissue damage, with very few complications, without postoperative scar because the arthroscope thickness is only 2 mm, it is a safe technique with good results

Malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the neck: a case report

Cilj: Cilj je ovog rada prikazati slučaj vrlo rijetkog malignog tumora glave i vrata – malignog ekrinog spiradenoma, opisati kliničke i patohistološke karakteristike tumora, važnost rane dijagnoze s obzirom na konačni ishod te metode liječenja. Prikaz slučaja: U radu je opisan slučaj 46-godišnje pacijentice kojoj je dijagnosticiran hemangiom lijeve strane vrata te se 25 godina kontrolirala. Nekoliko mjeseci prije javljanja na Kliniku tvorba se naglo počela mijenjati. Na temelju ultrazvuka vrata, citopunkcije, magnetske rezonancije vrata i biopsije postavljena je sumnja na metastazu nepoznatog primarnog tumora. PET/CT-om nije otkriveno sijelo primarnog tumora te je tek kirurškim zahvatom i patohistološkom verifikacijom operacijskog preparata utvrđena definitivna dijagnoza malignog ekrinog spiradenima s metastazom u jednom regionalnom limfnom čvoru vrata. Pacijentica je poslijeoperacijski tretirana radiokemoterapijom. Šest mjeseci nakon liječenja utvrđene su multiple metastaze pluća, pleure, medijastinuma i jetre, pa je 3 mjeseca kasnije nastupio smrtni ishod. Rasprava i zaključak: U većini slučajeva ovaj rijedak tumor nastaje malignom transformacijom benignog ekrinog spiradenoma, premda može nastati i de novo. Rijetko se javlja u regiji glave i vrata. Dijagnoza se temelji na patohistološkom nalazu. Tumor pokazuje veliku sklonost lokalnim recidivima te regionalnim i udaljenim metastazama kada je prognoza loša. Liječenje je prvenstveno kirurško, dok je učinak radiokemoterapije upitan. Važno je bolest dijagnosticirati u ra- noj fazi, kada ne postoji regionalna i udaljena proširenost jer je tada stopa izlječenja vrlo visoka.Aim: To present a case of a very rare malignant head and neck tumor – malignant eccrine spiradenoma, describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of the tumor, as well as the importance of early diagnosis with respect to the ultimate outcome of these treatments. Case report: This paper describes the case of a 46-year-old patient who was di- agnosed with hemangioma of the left side of the neck, and was followed for 25 years. Few months before the patient came to the Clinic, the lesion suddenly began to change. Based on the neck ultrasound, fine-needle cytopuncture, MRI and biopsy a suspicion on a metastasis of unknown primary tumor was established. PET / CT has not discovered the location of the primary tumor and only surgery and histopathologic verification of operating sample established the definitive diagnosis of malignant eccrine spiradenoma with metastasis in a single regional lymph node. The patient was treated with postoperative radio- and chemotherapy. Six months after the treatment, multiple metastases of the lung, pleura, mediastinum, and liver were found and 3 months later fatal outcome occurred. Discussion and conclusion: In the majority of cases this rare tumor is caused by malignant transformation of benign eccrine spiradenoma, although it can appear de novo. It rarely occurs in the head and neck region. Diagnosis is based on pathohistological findings. The tumor shows a strong preference to local and regional recurrence and to distant metastases, the prognosis of which is poor. It is important to diagnose the disease at an early stage when there is no regional or distant spread because at that stage the survival rate is very high

3D facial treatment planning – case report

Cilj: Prikazati kako je uporabom suvremenih tehnologija omogućena 3D virtualna priprema i praćenje pacijenta prije, tijekom i nakon zahvata. Prikaz slučaja: Prikazan je pacijent s pravom progenijom, dakle skeletnom klasom III, obrnutim prijeklopom, zbijenošću zuba i konkavnim profilom kojemu su ortodontskom terapijom zuba pripremljeni za ortognatski kirurški zahvat koji je potom izvršen na gornjoj i donjoj čeljusti (LeFort I i BSSO). Dijagnostički postupak i evaluacija ishoda, osim standardnog protokola, uključivao je i pripremu za 3D virtualno planiranje. Učinjeno je skeniranje studijskih modela, CBCT snimak, 3D fotografije i analize pomoću 3D softvera. Kirurške vodilice napravljene su 3D printerom. Zaključak: Korištenjem suvremenih tehnologija i 3D virtualnog planiranja olakšan je i skraćen postupak planiranja ishoda i praćenje rezultata terapije uz veliku preciznost u izradi kirurških vodilica.Aim: Present how contemporary 3D technologies are used to access to 3D virtual treatment planning and evaluation of the patient protocol before, during and after procedures. Case report: Patient with skeletal Class III, negative overjet, crowding and concave profile has been orthodontically prepared for an orthognatic surgery procedure on the upper and lower jaw (LeFort I and BSSO). The diagnostic treatment made by 3D virtual planning includes scanning model casts, CBCT scans, 3D photographies and 3D software. Surgical guides were made with a 3D printer. Conclusion: The use of contemporary technologies for 3D virtual planning of treatment outcome and patient evaluation made the procedure easier and faster with high precision while making surgical guides