Evaluation of the role of anxiety on the association between ADHD and SUD.

<p>Evaluation of the role of anxiety on the association between ADHD and SUD.</p

Evaluation of the role of anxiety on the association between ADHD and SUD.

<p>Evaluation of the role of anxiety on the association between ADHD and SUD.</p

Evaluation of the role of depression on the association between ADHD and SUD.

<p>Evaluation of the role of depression on the association between ADHD and SUD.</p

Evaluation of the role of CD/ODD on the association between ADHD and SUD.

<p>Evaluation of the role of CD/ODD on the association between ADHD and SUD.</p

Impact of stimulant treatment in childhood on substance dependence in adulthood.

<p>Impact of stimulant treatment in childhood on substance dependence in adulthood.</p

Adolescent SUD and adult substance dependence outcomes for childhood ADHD incident cases and controls.

<p>*Individuals with both “drug” dependence and alcohol dependence are coded as drug dependent in these figures. Individuals coded as alcohol dependent did not meet dependence criteria for any other substance.</p

Subjects with drug dependence in adulthood, by substance^†.

†<p>Some subjects were found to be dependent on more than one substance. A total of 18 ADHD cases and 5 controls were dependent on substances other than marijuana.</p>‡<p>Includes heroin, morphine, Dilaudid, opium, Demerol, methadone, codeine, Percodan, Darvon, OxyContin.</p><p><b>*</b>Includes quaalude, Seconal (“reds”), Valium, Xanax, Librium, Ativan, Dalmane, Halcion, barbituates, Miltown.</p>††<p>Includes LSD (“acid”), mescaline, peyote, PCP (“Angel dust”, “peace pill”), psilocybin, STP, “mushrooms”, ecstasy, MDA, MDMA.</p><p>Subjects with drug dependence in adulthood, by substance^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105640#nt102" target="_blank">†</a>}.</p

Current drug use, abuse and dependence among adults with versus without childhood ADHD, stratified by substance use disorder prior to 18 years of age.

<p>OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p>†<p>Drug (non-alcohol) substances include the following: stimulants, cocaine, narcotics, hallucinogens, inhalants, marijuana, and tranquilizers. In order to create mutually exclusive categories, each individual’s overall current non-alcohol substance use status was classified as the most severe status among all substances.</p>‡<p>Adjusted for age and gender.</p><p>*Adjusted for age.</p><p>Current drug use, abuse and dependence among adults with versus without childhood ADHD, stratified by substance use disorder prior to 18 years of age.</p

Current heavy alcohol use, abuse and dependence among adults with versus without childhood ADHD, stratified by substance use disorder prior to 18 years of age.

<p>OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p>†<p>Adjusted for age and gender.</p><p>*Adjusted for ag.</p><p>Current heavy alcohol use, abuse and dependence among adults with versus without childhood ADHD, stratified by substance use disorder prior to 18 years of age.</p

Comparison of demographic factors, co-occurring mental health disorders and stimulant treatment among participating ADHD cases, non-participating ADHD cases and controls.

†<p>Seventeen of the non-participating ADHD cases had not authorized access to their medical records for research purposes at the time of the abstraction of these two parameters.</p><p>Comparison of demographic factors, co-occurring mental health disorders and stimulant treatment among participating ADHD cases, non-participating ADHD cases and controls.</p