Translating Musical Theatre Songs, or the Importance of Being Faithfully Flexible and Flexibly Faithful

peer reviewedBien qu'ayant reçu davantage d'attention depuis le début des années 2000, la traduction de textes destinés à être chantés reste un domaine peu étudié en traductologie. La traduction de chansons de comédie musicale ne fait pas exception à la règle puisqu'elle est souvent laissée de côté, contrairement à la traduction de chants d'opéra ou de chansons de variété. De ce constat est né notre souhait de créer ce que nous appelons le New Pentathlon Tool, un outil tant analytique que d'aide à la traduction qui s'inspire du Pentathlon Principle de Peter Low et qui s'articule autour des notions de fidélité et de flexibilité, deux notions étroitement liées qui, en traduction de chansons, sont loin de s’exclure mutuellement.The translation of singable texts remains a field that has received little scientific attention, despite an increase in the number of papers published on the subject of song translation since the early 21st century. The translation of musical theatre songs is no exception to the trend, as it is often overlooked by scholars in comparison to that of operatic or pop songs. This has led us to develop what we call the New Pentathlon Tool – a tool for translation and quality assessment – based on Peter Low’s Pentathlon Principle and centred on fidelity and flexibility, two closely related concepts which are by no means mutually exclusive in the field of song translation

Clarithromycin is an effective immunomodulator when administered late in experimental pyelonephritis by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BACKGROUND: To apply clarithromycin as an immunomodulatory treatment in experimental urosepsis by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS: Acute pyelonephritis was induced in 40 rabbits after inoculation of the test isolate in the renal pelvis. Therapy was administered upon signs of sepsis in four groups: A, controls; B, intravenous clarithromycin; C, amikacin; and D, both agents. Survival and vital signs were recorded; blood was sampled for culture and estimation of pro-inflammatory mediators; monocytes were isolated for determination of apoptotic rate and ex vivo TNFα secretion. Quantitative cultures and biopsies of organs were performed after death. RESULTS: Increased rectal temperature and oxygen saturation were found in groups B and D compared to A and C. Mean survival of groups A, B, C and D was 2.65, 7.15, 4.25 and 8.70 days respectively. No differences were noted between groups concerning bacterial load in blood and tissues and serum endotoxins. Serum MDA and total caspase-3 activity of monocytes of group D decreased following treatment compared to other groups. Negative correlation was detected between cytoplasmic caspase-3 and ex vivo secretion of TNFα of blood monocytes of group A; similar correlation was not found for any other group. Pathology scores of liver and lung of group B were lower than group A. CONCLUSION: Clarithromycin administered late in experimental urosepsis by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa prolonged survival and ameliorated clinical findings. Its effect is probably attributed to immunomodulatory intervention on blood monocytes