Analysis of Non-conventional Indicators of Gender Relations: Evidence from Pakistan

Since 1980 many developing countries have adopted two major macroeconomic strategies: Stabilisation and Structural Adjustment. A generally held view regarding the impact of these macroeconomic strategies is that it led to unemployment, low investment, decline in real wages, capital flight, rise in inequality and poverty. All these resulted in deterioration in living conditions of the poor in the short run.1 In some cases, the long run benefits, if any, of these programmes are sacrificed due to the high social costs in the short run. A number of studies, examining the impact of the observed macroeconomic impact of the Structural Adjustment Policies (StAP), report mixed impact on women. For example, on the one hand, Khan (1999) found an increasing trend in feminisation of agricultural labour2, and feminisation of poverty3 while Brown (1992), on the other hand, reports employment as a key factor in determining women’s empowerment and argues that some aspects of economic reforms hold for improvement in the long-run. The argument is based on the assumption that greater economic role for women offers protection and that employment itself mitigates against domestic violence. However, the overall effect of structural adjustment is difficult to measure as it varies across countries, across sectors, and across individuals within a household.

Analysis of Non-conventional Indicators of Gender Relations: Evidence from Pakistan

Since 1980 many developing countries have adopted two major macroeconomic strategies: Stabilisation and Structural Adjustment. A generally held view regarding the impact of these macroeconomic strategies is that it led to unemployment, low investment, decline in real wages, capital flight, rise in inequality and poverty. All these resulted in deterioration in living conditions of the poor in the short run.1 In some cases, the long run benefits, if any, of these programmes are sacrificed due to the high social costs in the short run. A number of studies, examining the impact of the observed macroeconomic impact of the Structural Adjustment Policies (StAP), report mixed impact on women. For example, on the one hand, Khan (1999) found an increasing trend in feminisation of agricultural labour2, and feminisation of poverty3 while Brown (1992), on the other hand, reports employment as a key factor in determining women’s empowerment and argues that some aspects of economic reforms hold for improvement in the long-run. The argument is based on the assumption that greater economic role for women offers protection and that employment itself mitigates against domestic violence. However, the overall effect of structural adjustment is difficult to measure as it varies across countries, across sectors, and across individuals within a household

Providing Microfinance and Social Space to Empower Adolescent Girls: An Evaluation of BRAC’s ELA Centres

Lately there has been a surge in the variety of approaches to assist the adolescents, specially the girls, in building up their lives and livelihoods. With financial assistance from Nike Foundation, BRAC started combining financial and social interventions in 2005 by setting up ELA (Employment and Livelihood for Adolescents) Centres for the ELA microfinance group members. This study is intended to assess the usefulness of this combined approach. It is based on a panel dataset of ELA Centre participants and non-participants, which tried to capture changes using qualitative tools.[Working Paper No. 3]adolescents, girls, livelihoods, Nike Foundation, financial assistance, BRAC, Employment, Livelihood, ELA Centre, capture, qualitative, social interventions, microfinance, employment, livelihood, panel, dataset,

Gender dimension of the impact of macroeconomic policies : a case study of Pakistan

Project number related to IDRC support could not be determine

Predator Prey Interaction on some Wheat Cultivars

The present findings was aimed to determine the predator prey interaction on some wheat cultivars was laid out at Experimental Area of Entomology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam during rabi wheat growing season of 2014. Five wheat varieties were sown in a complete randomized block design plot. The varieties are 1. NIA-Sunhari, 2. NIA-Amber, 3. NIA-Sundar, 4.Kiran 5.Kirman.The results indicated that maximum mean population of insect pest and predators were recorded on different varieties of wheat crop. The maximum mean Black aphid population was recorded on variety of NIA-Amber (3.36/leaf) and minimum on Kiran (2.79/leaf). The maximum mean numbers of green aphids were recorded on variety Kiran (5.26/leaf) and minimum mean population on variety NIA-Amber (3.59/leaf). The maximum American bollworm was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari, (0.51/leaf) and minimum population was recorded on variety NIA-Sundar (0.14/leaf). Its population was increase in the mid to end of season. The maximum Thrips population appeared on variety NIA-Amber (5.61/leaf) and lowest on NIA-Sunhari (2.79/leaf). The Thrips increased slowly at the start of the season and continued at mid to end of the season. Among predators, the maximum population of Brumus was recorded on variety NIA-Sunhari (0.81/plant) and lowest population observed on variety of NIA-Sundar (0.05/ plant). Similarly the lacewing was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari (0.25/plant) and its lowest population was on varieties of Khirman and Kiran (0.05/plant). Maximum 7- spotted beetles population was on variety NIA-Sunhari (0.64/plant) and the lowest population on Kiran (0.15/plant). While the maximum mean population of 11- spotted beetles was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari (0.52/plant) and the minimum population on Kiran (0.17/plant)

Predator Prey Interaction on some Wheat Cultivars

The present findings was aimed to determine the predator prey interaction on some wheat cultivars was laid out at Experimental Area of Entomology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam during rabi wheat growing season of 2014. Five wheat varieties were sown in a complete randomized block design plot. The varieties are 1. NIA-Sunhari, 2. NIA-Amber, 3. NIA-Sundar, 4.Kiran 5.Kirman.The results indicated that maximum mean population of insect pest and predators were recorded on different varieties of wheat crop. The maximum mean Black aphid population was recorded on variety of NIA-Amber (3.36/leaf) and minimum on Kiran (2.79/leaf). The maximum mean numbers of green aphids were recorded on variety Kiran (5.26/leaf) and minimum mean population on variety NIA-Amber (3.59/leaf). The maximum American bollworm was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari, (0.51/leaf) and minimum population was recorded on variety NIA-Sundar (0.14/leaf). Its population was increase in the mid to end of season. The maximum Thrips population appeared on variety NIA-Amber (5.61/leaf) and lowest on NIA-Sunhari (2.79/leaf). The Thrips increased slowly at the start of the season and continued at mid to end of the season. Among predators, the maximum population of Brumus was recorded on variety NIA-Sunhari (0.81/plant) and lowest population observed on variety of NIA-Sundar (0.05/ plant). Similarly the lacewing was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari (0.25/plant) and its lowest population was on varieties of Khirman and Kiran (0.05/plant). Maximum 7- spotted beetles population was on variety NIA-Sunhari (0.64/plant) and the lowest population on Kiran (0.15/plant). While the maximum mean population of 11- spotted beetles was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari (0.52/plant) and the minimum population on Kiran (0.17/plant)

Searching Ability of Pupal Parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) on Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) at Various Depths of Plant Debris

The present study was carried out to determine the searching ability of pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii of Bactrocera zonata in the Bio Control Research Laboratory, | department of Entomology, SAU, Tandojam, at temperature 27 ± 1ºC and 60 ± 5% relative humidity. Adults of fruit fly were fed with water, sugar and needo milk powder, whereas, Dirhinus giffardii were fed with honey and water solution. Ten days old D. giffardies were used against 20 pupae of Bactrocera zonata in the experiment and data recorded on parasitized pupae and un-parasitized pupae after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The results in all treatments indicates that highest parasitized pupae were at peak level of (16.66) after 72 hours age of pupae on the depth of 0 cm in plant debris followed by 4 cm depth (16.33), whereas lowest parasitized pupae were recorded at 5cm depth (13.66) after 72 hours of age inside plant debris. Likewise, the highest un-parasitized pupae were at peak level of (14.00) after 24 hours of age of pupae on the depth of 3cm in plant debris followed by 1cm depth (13.00), whereas lowest un parasitized pupae were recorded at 4cm depth (11.66) after 24 hours of age inside plant debris. The analysis of variance indicated that there wasno significant difference among the parasitized and unparasitized pupae of flies in the different depths of plant debris and age intervals (

Ameliorative effects of ethanolic constituents of Bangladeshi propolis against tetracycline-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats

The study reports the phenolic composition of propolis from Bangladesh and its ameliorative effects against tetracycline-induced hepatonephrotoxicity in rats. Male Wistar Albino rats (n\ua0=\ua018) were randomly divided into three following groups: (1) normal control, (2) tetracycline-treatment (200\ua0mg\ua0kg\ua0rat), and (3) tetracycline (200\ua0mg\ua0kg\ua0rat) + propolis (100\ua0mg\ua0kg\ua0rat) treatments. The ethanolic extract of propolis contained major phenolic acids as well as a flavonoid, rutin. Oral exposure to tetracycline caused severe hepatic and renal damage as indicated by significant alterations in liver marker enzymes in rat serum: bilirubin and protein concentrations, lipid profile, and markers of kidney function when compared with controls. The observed biochemical perturbations were accompanied by histopathological changes. Co-administration with propolis extract, however, prevented the changes in biochemical parameters, as revealed by maintenance of cell membrane integrity and regulation of lipid profile and the conservation of the histoarchitecture. Practical applications: Propolis is a resinous honeybee product which is becoming increasingly popular due to its potential contributions to human health. The phenolic compounds identified in propolis from Bangladesh were effective against tetracycline-induced hepatic and renal toxicity. Propolis may be a promising natural product in reducing the effects of chronic liver and kidney damage