255 research outputs found
Life Satisfaction and Basic Needs among Elderly People in Pakistan: Evidence from the PSES Data
As an outcome of demographic transition the composition of the
world’s population has changed. In turn percent share of population
above 60 years of age will be doubled from 11 percent in 2010 to 22
percent in 2050 worldwide [United Nations (2011)]. Those countries which
encountered demographic transition early are now facing the problem of
ageing societies. In developing countries, demographic transition
started late, and they have not yet encountered the problem of a large
proportion of elderly in the population. However, in the coming years
with the high proportion of elderly, these countries will also have to
face the problems with their poor economic situation and burden of
diseases. Therefore it will be a difficult task for developing countries
to combat the problem of the large proportion of elderly in the
population in the coming years if concrete steps have not been taken at
this time. Pakistan, where demographic transition started in the 90’s,
has almost six percent (more than nine million) of the population above
60 years of age in the year 2005, and it will rise to 16.5 percent (48
million) in the year 2050. If we look at the ageing index, which is the
number of persons 60 years of age or above per hundred persons below 15
years of age, the value was 15.9 in 2005. It will rise to 29 in 2025 and
further to 75.5 in the year 2050 due to decline in fertility and steady
increase in life expectancy. The old-age dependency ratio has also
increased from seven in 2005 to nine in 2025 and will reach 16 in the
year 2050 [UN (2006)]
Women’s Autonomy and Happiness: The Case of Pakistan
It is generally believed that “autonomy” brings happiness and satisfaction in women’s lives. In this study we examine whether or not the established autonomy indicators are a source of “happiness” for Pakistani women. By using the nationally representative data, only two indicators, i.e., “women’s education” and “decisionmaking authority”, prove to be important factors in finding “very happy” status in women’s life. Additionally, “possession of assets” also proves to be an important factor in providing the “very happy” status in a women’s life. However, the “possession and utilisation of assets” and “going alone outside the house” are not important indicators of a “very happy” status in women’s life in Pakistan and “Labour force participation” is indicative of unhappiness. The results of this study show that not all established indicators of autonomy bring about happiness in the lives of Pakistani women. This is because Pakistani society differs from other societies, in particular the western society, and hence the concept of “autonomy” in bringing about “happiness” in the lives of Pakistani women yields effects different from those in other societies. Thus, there is a need to focus on the advocacy of only those autonomy variables which lead to happiness in a woman’s life, which is the end-goal for women, who form a vital part of the society.Women
The Relationship between the WES Interventions and the Incidence of Diarrhoea
Access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities have a direct positive impact on health through prevention of water-borne diseases, especially diarrhoeal morbidity of children. Lack of WES (Water and Environmental Sanitation) services and poor hygiene practices in Pakistan contribute significantly to the prevalence of diarrhoea, a major cause of infant death and children less than five years of age. The estimates show that about 30 percent of total deaths among children are attributed to diarrhoeal disease [Gallup (2001); UNICEF (2000)], and 4.1 years in life expectancy can be added if water borne diseases are eliminated [Ali and Haq (2003)]. Hence, reduction of diarrhoeal morbidity stands out as an important policy goal, which can ultimately lead to reduction in infant/child mortality. In this paper, we shall examine the relationship of WES interventions with that of the incidence of diarrhoea among children under age 10.
On the one-loop correction of "phi^4" theory in higher dimensions
We have considered phi^4 theory in higher dimensions. Using functional
diagrammatic approach, we computed the one-loop correction to effective
potential of the scalar field in five dimensions. It is shown that phi^4 theory
can be regularised in five dimensions. Temperature dependent one-loop
correction and critical temperature T_c are computed and T_c depends on the
fundamental scale M of the theory. A brief discussion of symmetry restoration
is also presented. The nature of phase transitions is examined and is of second
orderComment: 8 pages, 5 figures. To appear in IJMP
Analyzing individual deprivations alongside houshold poverty: possibilities for gendered, intrahousehold, and multidimensional analyses
Most poverty measures identify a household as poor based on achievements of all its members, hence gendered and intrahousehold inequalities are not illuminated even when data for individual household members exist. This paper provides a framework for jointly analysing individual deprivations alongside poverty status and composition, to illuminate gendered and intrahousehold disparities and intergenerational patterns. The illustration applies the methodology to multidimensional poverty in seven countries in South Asia and monetary poverty in Pakistan. The paper thus prototypes a general methodology that can be incorporated into standard poverty reporting to shine a light jointly on individual deprivations and household poverty
The Relationship between the WES Interventions and the Incidence of Diarrhoea
Access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities have
a direct positive impact on health through prevention of water-borne
diseases, especially diarrhoeal morbidity of children. Lack of WES
(Water and Environmental Sanitation) services and poor hygiene practices
in Pakistan contribute significantly to the prevalence of diarrhoea, a
major cause of infant death and children less than five years of age.
The estimates show that about 30 percent of total deaths among children
are attributed to diarrhoeal disease [Gallup (2001); UNICEF (2000)], and
4.1 years in life expectancy can be added if water borne diseases are
eliminated [Ali and Haq (2003)]. Hence, reduction of diarrhoeal
morbidity stands out as an important policy goal, which can ultimately
lead to reduction in infant/child mortality. In this paper, we shall
examine the relationship of WES interventions with that of the incidence
of diarrhoea among children under age 10
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