A terrestrial brine-seepage analog for Martian slope streaks near Salar de Pedernales in the Atacama Desert, Chile

Martian slope streaks are elongated down-slope, low-albedo surface features that currently form within sub-annual time scales in the high-albedo (“dusty”) regions of equatorial Mars. These km-scale streaks, which can persist up to several decades on the Martian surface, present one of the most enigmatic and dynamic suites of active surface features on present-day Mars. Two categories of explanations remain in debate regarding their nature: 1) “Dry” formation models, in which surface darkening is associated with mass wasting processes, such as dust avalanches; and 2) “Wet” formation models, in which surface darkening is associated with transient wetting of the surface by either seepage of sub-surface brines or deliquescence of atmospheric moisture. Here, we report recently discovered dark slope streaks that occur in the high Atacama Desert in Chile and display a close geomorphic resemblance to the Martian streaks. Field examination of the Atacama slope streaks revealed that they formed through down-slope seepage of groundwater brines sourced from the Salar de Pedernales located 500 m away. Chemical and mineralogical analyses demonstrate that salts deposited from the Pedernales brines combined with detrital input from soils/dust are responsible for surface darkening in the Atacama case. Field-based spectral measurements in the 0.4-2.5 micron wavelength range compare to those obtained from orbit for the Martian slope streaks. In addition, high-resolution topography derived from drone imagery revealed that the Atacama streaks are rougher than their surroundings at the decimeter-scale roughness of the entire hillslope they occur on. A similar distinction was previously established between Martian slope streaks and their surrounding slopes, although on Mars these roughness variations appear to occur at lower-range sub-centimeter scales. Our study of the unique Atacama slope streaks may support “wet” formation as a viable hypothesis for some of the Martian slope streaks.Fil: Mushkin, Amit. Geological Survey of Israel; IsraelFil: Sletten, Ronal. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Trombotto, Dario Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Jigjidsurengiin, Batbaatar. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Amit, Rivka. Geological Survey of Israel; IsraelFil: Halevy, Itay. Weizmann Institute Of Science.; IsraelFil: Morag, Navot. Geological Survey of Israel; IsraelFil: Gillespie, Alan R.. University of Washington; Estados UnidosThe Geological Society of America: Connects 2021OregonEstados UnidosThe Geological Society of Americ

Affected Experiencers

Numerous languages permit an NP that is not selected by the verb to be added to a clause, with several different possible interpretations. We divide such non-selected arguments into possessor, benefactive, attitude holder, and affected experiencer categories, on the basis of syntactic and semantic differences between them. We propose a formal analysis of the affected experiencer construction. In our account, a syntactic head Aff(ect) introduces the experiencer argument, and adds a conventional implicature to the effect that any event of the type denoted by its syntactic sister is the source of the experiencer’s psychological experience. Hence, our proposal involves two tiers of meaning: the at-issue meaning of the sentence, and some not-at-issue meaning (an implicature). A syntactic head can introduce material on both tiers. Additionally, we allow two parameters of variation: (i) the height of the attachment of Aff, and (ii) how much of the semantics is at-issue and how much is an implicature. We show that these two parameters account for the attested variation across our sample of languages, as well as the significant commonalities among them. Our analysis also accounts for significant differences between affected experiencers and the other types of non-selected arguments, and we also note a generalization to the effect that purely not-at-issue non-selected arguments can only be weak or clitic pronouns

A terrestrial brine-seepage analogue for Martian slope streaks near Salar de Pedernales in the Chilean Atacama desert

Martian slope streaks are elongated down-slope, low-albedo surface features that currently form within sub-annual time scales in the high-albedo (dusty) regions of equatorial Mars. These km-scale streaks, which can persist up to several decades on the Martian surface, present one of the most enigmatic and dynamic suites of active surface features on present-day Mars. Two categories of explanations remain in debate regarding their nature: 1) Dry formation models, in which surface darkening is associated with mass wasting processes, such as dust avalanches; and 2) Wet formation models, in which surface darkening is associated with transient wetting of the surface by either seepage of sub-surface brines or deliquescence of atmospheric moisture. Here, we report recently discovered dark slope streaks that occur in the high Atacama Desert of Chile and display a close geomorphic resemblance to the Martian streaks. Field examination of the Atacama slope streaks revealed that they formed through down-slope seepage of a groundwater brine sourced from the Salar de Pedernales located 500 m away. Chemical and mineralogical analyses demonstrate that salts deposited from the Pedernales brines combined with detrital input from soils/dust are responsible for surface darkening in the Atacama case. Field-based spectral measurements in the 0.4-2.5 micron wavelength range and high-resolution topography derived from drone imagery compare between the spectral and textural characteristics of the Martian and Atacama streaks. Our study of these unique terrestrial streak analogs supports the wet formation hypothesis as a viable hypothesis for some of Martian slope streaks.Fil: Mushkin, Amit. Geological Survey Of Israel; Israel. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Sletten, Ronal. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Trombotto, Dario Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Batbaatar, Jigjidsurengiin. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Amit, Rivka. Geological Survey Of Israel; IsraelFil: Halevy, I.. Weizmann Institute of Science; IsraelFil: Morag, N.. Geological Survey Of Israel; IsraelFil: Gillespie, Alan R.. University of Washington; Estados UnidosConferencia de la Sociedad Geológica y la Asociación Israelí de RecursosJerusalemIsraelIsrael Geological Societ

The association between maternal serum first trimester free βhCG, second trimester intact hCG levels and foetal growth restriction and preeclampsia

The purpose of this study was to analyse the association between free beta hCG (fβhCG) increased levels and pregnancy complications (PC), foetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia (PE). This connection was evaluated in two stages (i) investigating the association between those PC with first trimester fβhCG and second trimester intact hCG (ihCG), and (ii) studying the association between these two analytes in the same pregnancy. This was a retrospective study in two settings: medical centre that provided data on fβhCG and ihCG levels in pregnancies with FGR and PE, and central laboratory that provided fβhCG and ihCG levels that were compared in the same pregnancy. No association was found between those PC and the hCG analytes, except for elevated ihCG levels and FGR. Elevated fβhCG (>3.00 MoM) was found in 570/16,849 (3.4%) women. However, only 14% of whom had elevated second trimester ihCG. A positive correlation was found between the magnitude of first trimester fβhCG levels and the percentage of women who had elevated second trimester ihCG. This association was determined by the magnitude of the elevation of fβhCG levels.Impact statement What is already known on this subject: The two analytes, first trimester fβhCG and second trimester ihCG, are independently produced and parameters of the biochemical screening during pregnancy. What the results of this study add: Referring to 3.00 MoM as cut-off levels, most pregnancies with elevated levels of first trimester fβhCG will have normal ihCG second trimester levels. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: The risk of developing pregnancy complications, FGR and PE should be associated with second trimester ihCG levels. About 3.5% of women had high fβhCG levels during the first trimester. However, only 14% also had increased ihCG levels, defined as >3.00 MoM; additional studies are needed to explore the association between increased first trimester fβhCG levels and the risk of developing pregnancy complications, independent of ihCG levels in the second trimester

La Prédication existentielle dans les langues naturelles : valeurs et repérages, structures et modalités

Les articles rassemblés dans ce recueil traitent de l’expression des valeurs existentielles dans différentes langues du monde. Le caractère universel de la problématique et sa richesse sont illustrés par la diversité des approches théoriques permettant de constater les similitudes et les différences de son expression d’une langue à l’autre. L’originalité de l’ouvrage ne réside pas seulement dans la description de la variété des structures existentielles, porteurs de valeurs possessives, locatives ou attributives, elle consiste également dans leur lecture multiple. La structure du recueil a été arbitrairement organisée en deux parties. Dans les articles de la première partie, la prédication existentielle est envisagée d’un point de vue typologique, dans ceux de la deuxième partie, c’est une démarche énonciative et pragmatique qui est appliquée. Cette répartition est toutefois quelque peu artificielle, dans la mesure où tous les auteurs envisagent les traits sémantiques, syntaxiques et formels des constructions existentielles et, pour certains articles, les paramètres contextuels quelle que soit la langue concernée. La prédication existentielle est présentée par les auteurs comme une opération spécifique de repérage d’un terme par rapport à l’autre qui se répercute sur le marquage non canonique des constituants propositionnels, ainsi que par l’emploi des marqueurs d’existence spécifiques. L’analyse typologique et l’approche énonciative se complètent et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la recherche linguistique sur l’expression de l’existence dans les langues du monde.The articles in this collection deal with the expression of existential values in several languages of the world. The diversity of theoretical approach taken by the authors illustrates richness and universality of this problem, and demonstrates the similarities and the differences of its expression in natural languages. The original aspect of the collection is not only due to the description of possessive, locative or attributive values in several languages, but mainly due to the diversity of theoretical approaches to its analysis. The authors also study the evolution and interdependency of existential constructions. The existential predication may be presented as a specific operation of locating one term relative to another, expressed by the means of a non-canonical marking of constituents, a non-canonical constituent order within the utterance, and by using a particular existential marker. Typological analysis or a simple comparison between two singular languages, an enunciative approach or a study of the forms complete each other and open up new perspectives for linguistic research on the expression of existence in natural languages of the world.Статьи, представленные в этом сборнике, посвящены выражению бытийных значений в естественных языках мира. Авторы прибегают к различным теоретическим подходам, что свидетельствует о богатстве и универсальности затронутой проблематики, позволяет показать сходства и различия в способах передачи бытийных значений в естественных языках. Своеобразие данного сборника заключается не только в описании авторами статей посcессивных, локативных, атрибутивных структур в языках мира, но и в многообразии теоретических подходов к их анализу, их эволюции и взаимосвязанности. Бытийные предложения могут рассматриваться как реализация специфической операции локализации одного референта по отношению к другому. Наличие ко-референтных отношений между членами предикации оформляется благодаря неканоническим способам выделения того или иного пропозиционного компонента, неканоническому структурированию высказывания, а также употреблению особых экзистенциальных маркеров. Типологический анализ или сравнение между двумя отдельными языками, коммуникативный подход или описание конкретных форм дополняют друг друга и открывают новые перспективы в изучении выражения бытийных значений в естественных языках мира.Les articles rassemblés dans ce recueil traitent de l’expression des valeurs existentielles dans différentes langues du monde. Le caractère universel de la problématique et sa richesse sont illustrés par la diversité des approches théoriques permettant de constater des similitudes et des différences dans son expression d’une langue à l’autre. L’originalité de l’ouvrage ne réside pas seulement dans la description de la variété des structures existentielles, porteuses de valeurs possessives, locatives ou attributives, elle consiste également dans leur lecture multiple. La structure du recueil a été arbitrairement organisée en deux parties. Dans les articles de la première partie, la prédication existentielle est envisagée d’un point de vue typologique, dans ceux de la deuxième partie, c’est une démarche énonciative et pragmatique qui est appliquée. Cette répartition est toutefois quelque peu artificielle, dans la mesure où les auteurs envisagent les traits sémantiques, syntaxiques et formels des constructions existentielles mais tiennent également compte des paramètres contextuels et, pour certains articles, énonciatifs. La prédication existentielle est, en effet, présentée par les auteurs comme une opération spécifique de repérage d’un terme par rapport à l’autre qui se répercute sur le marquage non canonique des constituants propositionnels, ainsi que par l’emploi des marqueurs d’existence spécifiques. L’analyse typologique et l’approche énonciative se complètent et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la recherche linguistique sur l’expression de l’existence dans les langues du monde