Resistance to Coal: The Challenges of Achieving Environmental Justice in South Africa

While the environmental justice movement has grown worldwide, it seems that the movement has yet to mobilise in South Africa. The instances of environmental injustices in South Africa are abundant but paradoxically this has not given rise to a united movement demanding environmental justice for a transition to a new and renewable energy path. This thesis explores the challenges of creating an environmental justice movement in South Africa against coal extraction. It is based on the grounds that many environmental hazards are unequally distributed onto notably the areas where black and poor people live. Built on interviews with scholars, NGOs, activists, coal mine workers and affected community members in South Africa, this research presents and compares how environmental injustice is conceptualised and experienced in relation to communities affected by coal. The thesis scrutinises which incentives there are for community members to resist against coal extraction, and which challenges they face if or when doing so. The research concludes that despite the immense amount of coal struggles, the creation of a stronger and more visible environmental justice movement in South Africa is yet to come. This can be explained through the extent of the country’s dependency and reliance on coal, in which both the economy and its citizens have been trapped in a carbon lock-in that has led to lack of action. It thereby argues that it is crucial that immediate and basic personal needs are covered, to allow citizens to start rising up against the extractionist forces in South Africa, while recognising the importance of a bottom-up mass-based approach to put an end to the environmental injustices that are occurring in the country

Blockadia: movimientos de base contra los combustibles fósiles y a favor de la justicia climática

En 1896 el sueco Svante Arrhenius, premio Nobel de Química en 1903, calculó que un aumento del dióxido de carbono atmosférico elevaría la emperatura en la superficie de la Tierra a causa del efecto invernadero, y esto le llevó a formular la hipótesis de que las emisiones de dióxido de carbono ocasionadas por la quema de combustibles fósiles y otras actividades de combustión causadas por los humanos iban a ser lo bastante grandes como para causar un calentamiento global. Poco se hizo al respecto por entonces, aunque hubo otras muchas alertas tempranas. El año 1982 se formó el Panel  intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) para integrar la ciencia del clima, y la Cumbre de la Tierra en Río de Janeiro en 1992 marcó el camino para las COP (Conferencias de las Partes), en las que se alcanzaron acuerdos para abordar el problema del cambio climático. Otros hitos importantes han sido el Protocolo de Kioto en 1997 y el Acuerdo de París de 2015. Sin embargo, pese a las décadas transcurridas de política y de ciencia climáticas, está todavía por ver que se produzca un aplanamiento de la Curva de Keeling, pues la concentración de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera ha aumentado desde unas 300 ppm (partes por millón) en 1900 a 360 ppm en 1992, y a más de 405 ppm en 2018