Fenología, producción y disponibilidad intranual de semillas de dos morfotipos de palosangre (Brosimum rubescens Taubert) en bosques de la Amazonia colombiana

Se evaluó cuantitativamente la fenología reproductiva, producción y disponibilidad de semillas de dos morfotipos de Brosimum rubescens durante un ciclo anual. Se emplearon trampas de semillas bajo la copa de árboles maternales ubicados en una megaparcela de 20 ha en bosques de tierra firme en la Estación Biológica El Zafire. Se encontró que estuvieron fértiles el 87% y 41% de individuos potencialmente reproductivos en Palosangre negro y Palosangre blanco respectivamente. La producción de estructuras reproductivas es variable al interior y entre morfotipos. El patrón fenológico es estacional en ambos morfotipos, floreciendo al final de la época seca y fructificando al inició de la época de lluvias. La temperatura máxima se correlacionó con la fenofase de floración en ambos morfotipos, la cual estuvo correlacionada negativamente con la precipitación. Al parecer una limitación en la polinización se presenta en P. blanco, sin embargo es eficiente en la maduración de óvulos fecundados hasta el final del ciclo. P. negro produce y aborta una abundante cantidad de infrutescencias como estrategia para saciar depredadores. En ambos morfotipos la depredación relativa pre-dispersión fue similar, siendo mayor el daño generado por Scolytidae (Coleóptera) y menor por frugívoros vertebrados. El número de frutos maduros, total semillas y semillas removidas es similar entre morfotipos, pero difieren levemente en el punto de máxima expresión y en la catidad de árboles en actividad fértil. Se concluye que variaciones temporales en la manifestación de las fenofases y variaciones en la producción de estructuras reproductivas al interior de cada morfotipo, disminuyen la competencia y contribuyen a su coexistencia. Al parecer, bajo condiciones de bosque no disturbado la limitación de semillas podría ser mas condicionante en P. blanco, sin embargo otras limitaciones posteriores a la producción de frutos y semillas podrían presentarse en P. Negro.Maestrí

Efecto del sombreado en vívero en el crecimiento y mortalidad de plántulas

The influence of three shade levels was evaluated in the growth and mortality of seedlings of natural regeneration of palosangre, by means of a rehearsal evaluated during a period of six months. Three sha4e modules were built respectively with mesh polisombra to 25%, 45% and 75%, creating contrasting light atmospheres, simulating three possible successional states of the forest: clear small, canopy open semi and closed canopy. It was for the seedling state, a bigger elongation in height and a bigger increase of the area to foliate in the shady level to 75%, being in general the most favorable for the accumulation of biomass and where rates of survival were very high. The shady leve) to 25% showed characteristic unfavorable for the seedlings survival, due to a bigger abcission leayes, what diminishes the reinstatement rates natúrally to foliate. In their natural state, these index first floor can prevent that the seedling survives stress conditions; for example, at the entrance of a dry climatic period where it was possible to demonstrate a decreasing number of produced leaves.Se evaluó la influencia de tres niveles de sombreado en el crecimiento y mortalidad de plántulas de regeneración natural de palosangre, mediante un ensayo monitoreado durante un período de seis meses. Se construyeron tres módulos de sombreado con malla polisombra al 25%, 45% y 75% de cobertura, creando ambientes lumínicos contrastantes con el fin de simular tres posibles estados sucesionales del bosque: claro pequeño, dosel semiabierto y dorel cerrado, respectivamente. Se encontró para el estado de plántula una mayor elongación en altura y un mayor aumento del área foliar en el nivel de sombreado al 75%, con la más favorable acumulación de biomasa con tasas de sobrevivencia del 100%. El nivel de sombreado al 25% mostró características desfavorables para la sobrevivencia de plántulas debido a una mayor abscisión de hojas, lo que disminuye las tasas de reposición foliar. En su estado natural, estos bajos índices pueden impedir que la plántula sobreviva a condiciones de estrés, por ejemplo la entrada de un período climático seco, donde se logró demostrar una disminución del número de hojas producidas

Plan de actividades para el afianzamiento de la lateralidad en los niños y niñas de 7 a 8 años del club de porras del colegio Hernando Duran Dussan

En el colegio se ha evidenciado una deficiencia en los niños de los diferentes clubes deportivos en la identificación de su lateralidad y también algunos inconvenientes en el reconocimiento de cuerpo, tales como la falta de ubicación espacial, la mala coordinación gestual, desplazamientos laterales confusos. Por eso este proyecto se enfocara en trabajar el proceso de lateralidad de los niños y niñas cuyas edades oscilan entre siete a ocho años que participan en el grupo de porras del colegio Hernando Duran Dussan, ya que fue el grupo en donde se evidencia en mayor número estas dificultades, y además por la exigencia coordinativa del deporte es más complejo realizar actividades y ejercicios. Además si en estas edades que se encuentran los niños y las niñas, no se presenta un buen proceso para el desarrollo de la lateralidad más adelante los niños pueden presentar problemas en su proceso de lectura, escritura, ubicación espacial, relaciones sociales, entre otras. Si se logran los objetivos propuestos durante el proyecto se estima que se contribuiría en gran parte con la motricidad fina y gruesa de todos los niños que se van a ver beneficiados con las distintas actividades y métodos que se tienen propuestas para que su lateralidad se mejore o se pueda mantener y a la vez se potencialice en quienes quieran perfeccionar una técnica en específico o se inclinen por un deporte con el pasar del tiempo, pero siempre llevando un proceso adecuado y eficaz

Plan de actividades para el afianzamiento de la lateralidad en los niños y niñas de 7 a 8 años del club de porras del colegio Hernando Duran Dussan

En el colegio se ha evidenciado una deficiencia en los niños de los diferentes clubes deportivos en la identificación de su lateralidad y también algunos inconvenientes en el reconocimiento de cuerpo, tales como la falta de ubicación espacial, la mala coordinación gestual, desplazamientos laterales confusos. Por eso este proyecto se enfocara en trabajar el proceso de lateralidad de los niños y niñas cuyas edades oscilan entre siete a ocho años que participan en el grupo de porras del colegio Hernando Duran Dussan, ya que fue el grupo en donde se evidencia en mayor número estas dificultades, y además por la exigencia coordinativa del deporte es más complejo realizar actividades y ejercicios. Además si en estas edades que se encuentran los niños y las niñas, no se presenta un buen proceso para el desarrollo de la lateralidad más adelante los niños pueden presentar problemas en su proceso de lectura, escritura, ubicación espacial, relaciones sociales, entre otras. Si se logran los objetivos propuestos durante el proyecto se estima que se contribuiría en gran parte con la motricidad fina y gruesa de todos los niños que se van a ver beneficiados con las distintas actividades y métodos que se tienen propuestas para que su lateralidad se mejore o se pueda mantener y a la vez se potencialice en quienes quieran perfeccionar una técnica en específico o se inclinen por un deporte con el pasar del tiempo, pero siempre llevando un proceso adecuado y eficaz

Electronic contracting and documentation in international transport: special mention to the consignment note. An analysis from private international law

Este estudio tiene por objeto el análisis y la valoración crítica de la evolución jurídico-normativa experimentada en el ámbito de la contratación y documentación electrónica en el transporte por carretera en la UE. En particular, el análisis de aquellas distorsiones que pudieran aflorar relacionadas con la inserción en el sector del transporte por carretera de la contratación y documentación electrónica, la ausencia o no de regulación mercantil internacional sobre la materia y su incidencia sobre la política común de transportes vigente.This study aims to analyses and critically assess the legal and regulatory developments in the field of electronic contracting and documentation in road transport in the EU. In particular, the analysis will focus distortions that could arise related to the insertion in the road transport sector of electronic contracting and documentation, the absence or not of international trade regulation on the subject and its impact on the common transport policy in force

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie