Taller de probabilidad y estadística : conjuntos

1 archivo PDF (45 páginas) ; 2a ed. 2001El guion de este cuaderno girará sobre las siguientes preguntas: ¿Por qué interesan los conjuntos en probabilidad y estadística?, ¿Qué nos interesa saber de ellos? Por ello, el propósito de este cuaderno lo podemos reseñar en tres metas: i) Es cómodo representar los posibles resultados como subconjuntos, en particular: los subconjuntos que le interesan especialmente al experimentador : un conjunto particular su opuesto (complemento) los que resultan de intercalar el conectivo "y" en dos eventos de interés A y B (su intersección), o el conjunto que resulta de intercalar el conectivo "o" (la unión de A y B). etc. ii) El experimentador debe contar fácilmente el tamaño de los conjuntos en que está interesado pero sin contar doble. por ejemplo. como contar el tamaño de la unión A y B. iii) Si no puede contarlos, se conforma con comparar qué tan grande o pequeño es con respecto a otro conjunto. Por ejemplo, la intersección de A y B es un subconjunto de A y por lo tanto más pequeño, pero también es subconjunto de B, por lo tanto, una mejor cota para su tamaño será el de menor o igual que el mínimo de los tamaños de A y B. etc

Social support from developmental contexts and adolescent substance use and well-being: a comparative study of Spain and Portugal

The aim of this study was to analyse the contribution of social support from family, friend and school (teacher and classmate) contexts in substance use (tobacco and alcohol use) and well-being (life satisfaction and health-related quality of life). Participants were 5,784 Portuguese and 22,610 Spanish adolescents aged 11 to 16 years, from the 2014 edition of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Portugal and Spain. Results showed that for a higher life satisfaction, family ( p < .001, partial η 2 = .032), teacher ( p < .001, partial η 2 = .018) and classmate ( p < .001, partial η 2 = .031) support were important in Portugal, and family ( p < .001, partial η 2 = .056) and friend ( p < .001, partial η 2 = .015) support in Spain. Similarly, for a better health-related quality of life, all the social support variables were relevant in Portugal (family: p < .001, partial η 2 = .063; teacher: p < .001, partial η 2 = .032; classmate: p < .001, partial η 2 = .054; friend: p < .001, partial η 2 = .034) and in Spain (family: p < .001, partial η 2 = .054; teacher: p < .001, partial η 2 = .014; classmate: p < .001, partial η 2 = .018; friend: p < .001, partial η 2 = .040). In contrast, only family support ( p < .001, partial η 2 = .014) was relevant in Portugal for tobacco use. Therefore, social support was more relevant for adolescent well-being than for adolescent substance use, and the most relevant source of support was family support, in both Spain and Portugal

Efectos financieros de la reestructuración en los registros contables para las órdenes de trabajo N° 010614 y 021614 bajo un enfoque de acumulación de costos por órdenes específicas en la TABACALERA REYES LEÓN en la ciudad de Estelí durante el primer bimestre del año 2014.

En este trabajo se analizó al proceso de producción en TABACALERA REYES LEÓN S.A. sobre todo los controles contables enfocados en la recolección de información financiera en particular, y se presentan de modo general las actividades a las que se dedica este negocio, los procedimientos en las diferentes fases levantamiento de información, los controles y registros mínimos que deben existir y las recomendaciones aportadas

Use of Bayesian Modeling to Determine the Effects of Meteorological Conditions, Prescribed Burn Season, and Tree Characteristics on Litterfall of Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster Stands

Research Highlights: Litterfall biomass after prescribed burning (PB) is significantly influenced by meteorological variables, stand characteristics, and the fire prescription. Some of the fire-adaptive traits of the species under study (Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster) mitigate the effects of PB on litterfall biomass. The Bayesian approach, tested here for the first time, was shown to be useful for analyzing the complex combination of variables influencing the effect of PB on litterfall. Background and Objectives: The aims of the study focused on explaining the influence of meteorological conditions after PB on litterfall biomass, to explore the potential influence of stand characteristic and tree traits that influence fire protection, and to assess the influence of fire prescription and fire behavior. Materials and Methods: An experimental factorial design including three treatments (control, spring, and autumn burning), each with three replicates, was established at two experimental sites (N = 18; 50 × 50 m$^2$ plots). The methodology of the International Co-operative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP forests) was applied and a Bayesian approach was used to construct a generalized linear mixed model. Results: Litterfall was mainly affected by the meteorological variables and also by the type of stand and the treatment. The effects of minimum bark thickness and the height of the first live branch were random. The maximum scorch height was not high enough to affect the litterfall. Time during which the temperature exceeded 60 °C (cambium and bark) did not have an important effect. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that meteorological conditions were the most significant variables affecting litterfall biomass, with snowy and stormy days having important effects. Significant effects of stand characteristics (mixed and pure stand) and fire prescription regime (spring and autumn PB) were shown. The trees were completely protected by a combination of low-intensity PB and fire-adaptive tree traits, which prevent direct and indirect effects on litterfall. Identification of important variables can help to improve PB and reduce the vulnerability of stands managed by this method

Behavioral traits predicting cocaine-conditioned place reference in mice: role of anxiety adn the basolateral amygdala

Aims. The individual susceptibility to cocaine addiction, a factor of interest in the understanding and prevention of this disorder, may be predicted by certain behavioral traits. However, these are not usually taken into account in research, making it difficult to identify whether they are a cause or a consequence of drug use. Methods. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent a battery of behavioral tests (elevated plus maze, hole-board, novelty preference in the Y maze, episodic-like object recognition memory and forced swimming test), followed by a cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) training to assess the reinforcing effect of the drug. In a second study, we aimed to determine the existence of neurobiological differences between the mice expressing high or low CPP by studying the number of neurons in certain addiction-related structures: the medial prefrontal cortex, the basolateral amygdala and the ventral tegmental area. Results. Anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze successfully predicted the cocaine-CPP behavior, so that the most anxious mice were also more likely to search for cocaine in a CPP paradigm. In addition, these mice exhibited an increased number of neurons in the basolateral amygdala, a key structure in emotional response including anxiety expression, without differences in the others regions analyzed. Conclusions. Our results suggest a relevant role of anxiety as a psychological risk factor for cocaine vulnerability, with the basolateral amygdala as potential common neural center for both anxiety and addiction.Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. PSI2013-44901-P, FPU13/04819, CD12/00455, Red de Trastornos Adictivo

Análisis y mejoramiento en los procesos de acopio, producción y almacenamiento en molino de Tipitapa, S.A. durante el período 2002-2003

Tesis (Ingeniero Industrial)--Universidad Americana, Managua, 2003Esta tesis tiene como objetivo analizar las mejoras en los procesos de acopio, producción y almacenamiento en la empresa Molino de Tipitapa S.A, describir las problemas en los procesos de acopio de granza de la empresa, evaluar el plan de mantenimiento de la empresa, rediseñar el área de almacenamiento de productos terminados, determinar el costo-beneficio de la implementación de las mejoras realizadas en la planta

Salud mental en adolescentes desplazados por el conflicto armado: hallazgos de la encuesta nacional colombiana de salud mental

Background: Colombia has one of the largest populations of internally displaced individuals by an armed confict. However, there is no data demonstrating its efect on health, particularly in adolescents. Purpose: To describe the prevalence and associations of mental illness in the adolescent population displaced by violence in Colombia. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2015 National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), which provides data of mental health issues (SRQ), mental health disorders (CIDI-CAPI) and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Of the 1754 adolescents interviewed 5.3% (95% CI 4.1 to 6.9) mentioned a change in residence due to violence. Among them 38.5% lived in poverty compared to 23.6% of those non-displaced by the confict. Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempt were present in 19.8% and 9.1% of displaced adolescents respectively, compared to 5.8% and 2.1% of non-displaced adolescents. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and any mental health disorder (measured with the CIDI-CAPI) was higher in the displaced population 12.3%, 11% respectively, in contrast to 2.1% and 7% of those non-displaced. Finally, anxiety and depressive disorders were more common among displaced adolescents. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of mental health conditions and disorders is observed among displaced adolescents

Evaluación técnica- económica de la granja avícola La Fe, en el departamento de Granada

Realiza una evaluación técnica-económica de la granja avícola La Fe, en el departamento de Granada, analiza la estructura técnica y organizacional de la granja avícola, evalúa el estado económico de la granja, desarrolla una propuesta de mejora tecnológica y económica de la granja avícola La Fe

Problemas de probabilidad y estadística

1 archivo PDF (160 páginas).El objeto de este trabajo es el de disponer de un apoyo para el curso de Probabilidad y Estadística. El punto de partida fué un problemario elaborado por un grupo de profesores de la División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería. Contenido: 1. Conjuntos y espacio muestral. -- 2. Probabilidad. -- 3. Independencia y probabilidad condicional. -- 4. Variables aleatorias y funciones de probabilidad. -- 5. Algunas distribuciones estandar. -- 6. Valores esperados y función generatriz de momentos. -- 7. Distribuciones muestrales. -- Estimación puntual y por intervalos. -- 8. Pruebas de hipótesis. Invitamos a los lectores a hacernos las sugerencias que estimen pertinentes, así como también nos den a conocer los errores u omisiones que detecten. El apoyo siempre eficiente de mecanografía de la Srita. Clara Durán García, fué decisivo para la conclusión de esta versión. PALABRAS CLAVE: Cálculo de probabilidades. Certidumbre. Inferencia estadística

Oleoylethanolamide restores alcohol-induced inhibition of neuronal proliferation and microglial activity in striatum

Previous findings demonstrate a homeostatic role for oleoylethanolamide (OEA) signaling in the ethanol-related neuroinflammation and behavior. However, extensive research is still required in order to unveil the effects of OEA on a number of neurobiological functions such as adult neurogenesis, cell survival and resident neuroimmunity that become notably altered by alcohol. Daily consumption of ethanol (10%) for 2 weeks (6.3& #x202F;± 1.1 g/kg/day during last 5 days) caused hypolocomotor activity in rats. This effect appears to rely on central signaling mechanisms given that alcohol increased the OEA levels, the gene expression of OEA-synthesizing enzyme Nape-pld and the number of PPARα-immunoreactive neurons in the striatum. Ethanol-related neurobiological alterations such as a reduction in the number of microglial cells expressing iNOS (a cytokine-inducible immune defense) and in adult neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation (phospho-H3 and BrdU) and maturation (BrdU/β3-tubulin), as well as an increase in damage cell activity (FosB) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3) were also observed in the rat striatum. Pharmacological administration of OEA (10 mg/kg) for 5 days during ethanol exposure exacerbated ethanol-induced hypolocomotion and cell apoptosis in the striatum. Interestingly, OEA abrogated the impaired effects of ethanol on PPARα-positive cell population and NSPC proliferation and maturation. OEA also decreased astrocyte-related vimentin immunoreactivity and increased microglial cell population (Iba-1, iNOS) in the striatum. These results suggest that OEA-PPARα signaling modulates glial activation, cell apoptosis and NSPC proliferation and maturation in response to striatal-specific neurobiological alterations induced by prolonged ethanol intake in rats.This work was supported by RETICS Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and European Regional Development Funds-European Union (ERDF-EU) (RD16/0017/0001); ISCIII, MINECO, ERDF-EU (JS: PI16/01374; FRF: PI16/01698; FJP: PI16/01953; AS: PI17/02026); Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad and Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (JS: PNSD2015/047; AS: PND2017/043); Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucía, ERDF-EU (FRF: CTS-8221); Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, ERDF-EU (FRF: SAS111224); German Research Foundation DFG (BL: FOR926, project CP1). FJP (CP14/00212) and AS (CP14/00173) are recipients of a research contract from “Miguel Servet” Program of ISCIII, ERDF-EU. JS holds a “Miguel Servet II” research contract from the National System of Health, ISCIII, ERDF-EU, FIMABIS (CPII17/00024). PR holds a “Sara Borrel” research contract from ISCIII, ERDF-EU (CD16/00067)