20 research outputs found

    Analysing risk preferences among insurance customers : expected utility theory versus disappointment aversion theory

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    In this thesis we analyse risk preferences among insurance customers using two different theories, namely expected utility theory (EUT) and disappointment aversion theory (DAT). The goal is to find out which of these theories that best can explain the choices the customers made under risk. The analysis is based on a survey submitted to Norwegian insurance customers in the fall of 2011. The respondents were asked to choose between hypothetical income lotteries, and the answers are used to establish an interval of risk aversion for each respondent. We estimate an interval regression model and investigate the relationship between risk aversion and socioeconomic characteristics. We find that risk aversion is significantly negatively correlated with income and number of children, and that those who are married are significantly more risk averse than others. Next, we derive a cardinal measure of risk aversion for each respondent and find significant correlations between this measure and the likelihood of engaging in various risky activities. Assuming constant relative risk aversion, we find that the average coefficient of relative risk aversion is 7.930 under EUT, indicating that our sample is very risk averse. Next, we use simulation to derive the parameters of DAT. As far as we know, this is the first study where hypothetical income gambles of this type are used to estimate parameters of disappointment aversion. We find that the insurance customers appear to have a significant degree of disappointment aversion, and we reject a hypothesis that the customers adhere to the predictions of EUT on average.nhhma

    Analysing risk preferences among insurance customers : expected utility theory versus disappointment aversion theory

    Get PDF
    In this thesis we analyse risk preferences among insurance customers using two different theories, namely expected utility theory (EUT) and disappointment aversion theory (DAT). The goal is to find out which of these theories that best can explain the choices the customers made under risk. The analysis is based on a survey submitted to Norwegian insurance customers in the fall of 2011. The respondents were asked to choose between hypothetical income lotteries, and the answers are used to establish an interval of risk aversion for each respondent. We estimate an interval regression model and investigate the relationship between risk aversion and socioeconomic characteristics. We find that risk aversion is significantly negatively correlated with income and number of children, and that those who are married are significantly more risk averse than others. Next, we derive a cardinal measure of risk aversion for each respondent and find significant correlations between this measure and the likelihood of engaging in various risky activities. Assuming constant relative risk aversion, we find that the average coefficient of relative risk aversion is 7.930 under EUT, indicating that our sample is very risk averse. Next, we use simulation to derive the parameters of DAT. As far as we know, this is the first study where hypothetical income gambles of this type are used to estimate parameters of disappointment aversion. We find that the insurance customers appear to have a significant degree of disappointment aversion, and we reject a hypothesis that the customers adhere to the predictions of EUT on average.nhhma

    Analysing risk preferences among insurance customers : expected utility theory versus disappointment aversion theory

    Get PDF
    In this thesis we analyse risk preferences among insurance customers using two different theories, namely expected utility theory (EUT) and disappointment aversion theory (DAT). The goal is to find out which of these theories that best can explain the choices the customers made under risk. The analysis is based on a survey submitted to Norwegian insurance customers in the fall of 2011. The respondents were asked to choose between hypothetical income lotteries, and the answers are used to establish an interval of risk aversion for each respondent. We estimate an interval regression model and investigate the relationship between risk aversion and socioeconomic characteristics. We find that risk aversion is significantly negatively correlated with income and number of children, and that those who are married are significantly more risk averse than others. Next, we derive a cardinal measure of risk aversion for each respondent and find significant correlations between this measure and the likelihood of engaging in various risky activities. Assuming constant relative risk aversion, we find that the average coefficient of relative risk aversion is 7.930 under EUT, indicating that our sample is very risk averse. Next, we use simulation to derive the parameters of DAT. As far as we know, this is the first study where hypothetical income gambles of this type are used to estimate parameters of disappointment aversion. We find that the insurance customers appear to have a significant degree of disappointment aversion, and we reject a hypothesis that the customers adhere to the predictions of EUT on average

    Askelund, en mulig ny gravform i Norge

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    I Norge kan man i dag velge mellom askespredning i naturen eller gravlegging på gravplass. Man kan derimot ikke spre aske på gravplassen. Dette er en gravform som praktiseres i andre land, for eksempel i Sverige. Kan et eget område for askespredning anlegges på dagens gravplasser i Norge? Et slikt område på gravplassen, som vi har valgt å kalle askelund, vil likestille gravformen med kiste- og urnegraver. Man vil slippe å søke fylkesmannen om tillatelse til askespredning, slik man må ved askespredning i naturen i dag. En askelund vil kunne tilby et minnesmerke som alle kan benytte, noe som bortfaller hvis man velger askespredning i naturen. Det er i dag en økning i antallet som velger askespredning i naturen. Spørreundersøkelser viser at interessen for gravformen er økende. En askelund kan være mer tilgjengelig og et mer inkluderende alternativ for de etterlatte enn askespredning i naturen. Samtidig vil innføringen av en ny gravform på gravplassen gi flere valg for de etterlatte enn det som finnes i Norge i dag. Disse momentene er vår motivasjon for å utforske tilrettelegging for askespredning på gravplassen. Oppgaven ser på hvilke behov og ønsker de besøkende generelt har i forhold til grav og gravplass, for å ivareta dette i askelunder. Verdighet, trøst og en opplevelse av evighet er tre grunnleggende behov og summen av disse kan gi restitusjon for sørgende og andre besøkende. For å imøtekomme behovene er det utarbeidet ni opplevelsesprinsipper til bruk ved prosjektering og vurdering av ulike ideer til askelunder. Gjennom idémyldring og modellarbeid undersøker vi metoder som kan benyttes for å gravsette aske uten urne. En samling av 17 ideer viser askelunder med ulike løsninger og utforminger. På bakgrunn av analyser, funn i litteraturstudier og tradisjonelle registreringer benyttet i landskapsarkitektur, prosjekteres askelunder på fem reelle case-områder. Resultatet er flere askelunder med ulike uttrykk og varierende løsninger for gravsetting av aske. Prosjektene viser at askelunder for askespredning kan, ut ifra vårt ståsted som landskapsarkitekter, anlegges på norske gravplasser i dag

    ”Askelund”, a new potential ritual of the cemetery in Norway

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    I Norge kan man i dag velge mellom askespredning i naturen eller gravlegging på gravplass. Man kan derimot ikke spre aske på gravplassen. Dette er en gravform som praktiseres i andre land, for eksempel i Sverige. Kan et eget område for askespredning anlegges på dagens gravplasser i Norge? Et slikt område på gravplassen, som vi har valgt å kalle askelund, vil likestille gravformen med kiste- og urnegraver. Man vil slippe å søke fylkesmannen om tillatelse til askespredning, slik man må ved askespredning i naturen i dag. En askelund vil kunne tilby et minnesmerke som alle kan benytte, noe som bortfaller hvis man velger askespredning i naturen. Det er i dag en økning i antallet som velger askespredning i naturen. Spørreundersøkelser viser at interessen for gravformen er økende. En askelund kan være mer tilgjengelig og et mer inkluderende alternativ for de etterlatte enn askespredning i naturen. Samtidig vil innføringen av en ny gravform på gravplassen gi flere valg for de etterlatte enn det som finnes i Norge i dag. Disse momentene er vår motivasjon for å utforske tilrettelegging for askespredning på gravplassen. Oppgaven ser på hvilke behov og ønsker de besøkende generelt har i forhold til grav og gravplass, for å ivareta dette i askelunder. Verdighet, trøst og en opplevelse av evighet er tre grunnleggende behov og summen av disse kan gi restitusjon for sørgende og andre besøkende. For å imøtekomme behovene er det utarbeidet ni opplevelsesprinsipper til bruk ved prosjektering og vurdering av ulike ideer til askelunder. Gjennom idémyldring og modellarbeid undersøker vi metoder som kan benyttes for å gravsette aske uten urne. En samling av 17 ideer viser askelunder med ulike løsninger og utforminger. På bakgrunn av analyser, funn i litteraturstudier og tradisjonelle registreringer benyttet i landskapsarkitektur, prosjekteres askelunder på fem reelle case-områder. Resultatet er flere askelunder med ulike uttrykk og varierende løsninger for gravsetting av aske. Prosjektene viser at askelunder for askespredning kan, ut ifra vårt ståsted som landskapsarkitekter, anlegges på norske gravplasser i dag.In Norway today you can choose between scattering ashes in nature or burial in a cemetery. However, you cannot scatter ashes within a cemetery. Other countries practice this ritual in the cemetery, for example Sweden. Could a designated area for scattering ashes within the cemetery be constructed in Norway? Such an area at the cemetery, which we have decided to call “askelund” (= scatter garden), would equate the ritual with in-ground burials. One would not have to send an application to a “fylkesmann” (= County Governor) to acquire permission to scatter ashes, as is required today when scattering ashes in nature. Furthermore, a scatter garden can offer a memorial that everyone can use, which is not available when scattering ashes in nature. Today there is an increase in the number of people choosing to scatter ashes in nature. Surveys show that the demand for the dispersal of ashes are increasing. A scatter garden can be more available and a more inclusive alternative for the bereaved than scattering ashes in nature. Additionally, the introduction of a new cemetery ritual provides more alternatives for the bereaved than what exists today in Norway. These aspects are our motivation to explore facilitation for scattering ashes in the cemetery. This thesis finds which needs and wishes visitors of the cemetery have related to the grave and cemetery in general, to assess which functions a scatter garden should include. Dignity, eternity and an experience of consolation are three fundamental needs, and the sum of these can offer restitution to mourners and other visitors. To accommodate these needs, nine “experience principles” are developed to use in planning and evaluation of different ideas for scatter gardens. Through brainstorming and model work, methods for scattering ashes without an urn are tested. A collection of 17 ideas display scatter gardens with different solutions and designs. Based on analyses, findings in literature studies and traditional observations used in landscape architecture, five case sites are developed. The result is multiple scatter gardens with different expressions and various solutions for the dispersal of ashes. The case sites show that scatter gardens can, from our perspective as landscape architects, be constructed in Norwegian cemeteries today.M-L
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