Aikuisen keuhkojen ulkopuolinen tuberkuloosi - diagnostinen haaste

Tuberkuloosi voi aiheuttaa tulehduksen missä tahansa elimessä. Imusolmuketuberkuloosi ja pleuriitti ovat keuhkojen ulkopuolisen tuberkuloosin yleisimmät ilmenemismuodot. Ne kattavat vähintään puolet tapauksista. Diagnoosiviive on enemmän sääntö kuin poikkeus. Viive voi olla kohtalokas, jos kyse on tuberkuloosin aiheuttamasta meningiitistä, perikardiitista tai yleistyneestä taudista. Tuberkuloosin riskiryhmien tunnistaminen ja järjestelmällinen tutkimusote ovat olennaisia diagnoosiin pääsemisessä. Kuvantamismenetelmien käyttökelpoisuus diagnosoinnissa vaihtelee sairastuneen kohde-elimen ja elinjärjestelmän mukaan. Diagnosoinnissa pyritään mikrobiologiseen osoittamiseen, ja edustavan näytteen saaminen mikrobiologista sekä histologista tutkimusta varten on ydinkysymys. Mycobacterium tuberculosis -bakteerin tunnistava nukleiinihapon osoitustesti sekä tuberkuloosivärjäys- ja viljelynäyte tulee pyytää kaikista kudos- ja eritenäytteistä. Tulokset voivat jäädä negatiivisiksi, jos näytteen laatu on huono tai tuberkuloosibakteerien määrä vähäinen, joten kajoavia näytteenottoja on varauduttava toistamaan.publishedVersio

A pilot study of endoscopically inserted biodegradable biliary stents in the treatment of benign biliary strictures and cystic duct leaks

Background and Aims: Self-expanding biodegradable biliary stents (BDBSs) have recently become available for use in endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of novel BDBSs in iatrogenic cystic duct leaks and benign biliary strictures (BBSs). Methods: Patients providing informed consent were recruited for the prospective study. Braided self-expanding poly-dioxanone BDBSs were inserted using ERC during from 2014 to 2016. Repeated liver function tests and magnetic resonance imaging were performed during follow-up. The main outcomes were treatment success and adverse events. Results: Thirteen patients, 5 women, median age 67 years (range, 43-79) underwent BDBS insertion for iatrogenic cystic duct leak (n = 7) or BBS (n = 6). Stent insertion using ERC was successful in all cases. All bile leaks were treated uneventfully with BDBSs. In BBSs, the clinical success rate of BDBS therapy was 83% in a median of 21 months of follow-up (range, 14-25). Early ERC-related adverse events included 1 cholangitis (8%) and 1 pancreatitis (8%), both in the stricture group. During the first 90 days, 23% of patients were readmitted for mild cholangitis. Conclusions: The short-and long-term safety of endoscopically inserted poly-dioxanone BDBSs was satisfactory. The management of cystic duct leaks and benign distal common bile duct strictures was highly successful. Episodes of mild cholangitis during stent indwelling seemed to be typical of BDBSs. The advantage of BDBSs is the avoidance of repeated endoscopy for stent removal. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02353286.)Peer reviewe

Diagnostic efficiency of whole-body 18F-FDG PET/MRI, MRI alone, and SUV and ADC values in staging of primary uterine cervical cancer

Background: The use of PET/MRI for gynecological cancers is emerging. The purpose of this study was to assess the additional diagnostic value of PET over MRI alone in local and whole-body staging of cervical cancer, and to evaluate the benefit of standardized uptake value (SUV) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in staging.Methods: Patients with histopathologically-proven cervical cancer and whole-body F-18-FDG PET/MRI obtained before definitive treatment were retrospectively registered. Local tumor spread, nodal involvement, and distant metastases were evaluated using PET/MRI or MRI dataset alone. Histopathology or clinical consensus with follow-up imaging were used as reference standard. Tumor SUVmax and ADC were measured and SUVmax/ADC ratio calculated. Area under the curve (AUC) was determined to predict diagnostic performance and Mann-Whitney U test was applied for group comparisons.Results: In total, 33 patients who underwent surgery (n = 23) or first-line chemoradiation (n = 10) were included. PET/MRI resulted in higher AUC compared with MRI alone in detecting parametrial (0.89 versus 0.73), vaginal (0.85 versus 0.74), and deep cervical stromal invasion (0.96 versus 0.74), respectively. PET/MRI had higher diagnostic confidence than MRI in identifying patients with radical cone biopsy and no residual at hysterectomy (sensitivity 89% versus 44%). PET/MRI and MRI showed equal AUC for pelvic nodal staging (both 0.73), whereas AUC for distant metastases was higher using PET/MRI (0.80 versus 0.67). Tumor SUVmax/ADC ratio, but not SUVmax or ADC alone, was significantly higher in the presence of metastatic pelvic lymph nodes (P Conclusions: PET/MRI shows higher accuracy than MRI alone for determining local tumor spread and distant metastasis emphasizing the added value of PET over MRI alone in staging of cervical cancer. Tumor SUVmax/ADC ratio may predict pelvic nodal involvement.</div

Preoperative measures predicting outcome after pancreatic resection in aged patients

Background and objective: High-risk surgery on aged patients raises challenging ethical and clinical issues. The aim of this study was to analyze the preoperative factors associated with severe complications and returning home after pancreatic resection among patients aged ⩾ 75 years. Patients and methods: Patients aged ⩾ 75 years undergoing pancreatic resection in 2012–2019 were retrospectively searched from the hospital database. Preoperative indices (Clinical Frailty Scale, Skeletal Muscle Index, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and National Surgical Quality Improvement Program risk for severe complications) were determined. Postoperative outcome was evaluated by incidence of Clavien–Dindo 3b-5 complications, rate of returning home, and 1-year survival. Results: A total of 95 patients were included. American Society of Anesthesiologists Class 3–4 covered 50%, Clinical Frailty Scale > 3 22%, Charlson Comorbidity Index > 6 53%, and a sarcopenic Skeletal Muscle Index 51% of these patients. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program risk for severe complications was higher than average among 21% of patients. Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index showed high risk among 3% of them. In total, 19 patients (20%) experienced a severe (Clavien–Dindo 3b-5) complication. However, 30- and 90-day mortality was 2.1%. Preoperative indices were not associated with severe complications. Most patients (79%) had returned home within 8 weeks of surgery. Not returning home was associated with severe complications (p = 0.010). Conclusions: The short-term outcome after pancreatic resection of fit older patients is similar to that of younger, unselected patient groups. In these selected patients, the commonly used preoperative indexes were not associated with severe complications or returning home.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

A randomized trial of early detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (ProScreen) : study design and rationale

The current evidence of PSA-based prostate cancer screening shows a reduction in cause-specific mortality, but with substantial overdiagnosis. Recently, new developments in detection of clinically relevant prostate cancer include multiple kallikreins as biomarkers besides PSA, and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for biopsy decision. They offer opportunities for improving the outcomes in screening, particularly reduction in overdiagnosis and higher specificity for potentially lethal cancer. A population-based randomized screening trial will be started, with 67,000 men aged 55-67 years at entry. A quarter of the men will be allocated to the intervention arm, and invited to screening. The control arm will receive no intervention. All men in the screening arm will be offered a serum PSA determination. Those with PSA of 3 ng/ml or higher will have an additional multi-kallikrein panel and those with indications of increased risk of clinically relevant prostate cancer will undergo mpMRI. Men with a malignancy-suspect finding in MRI are referred to targeted biopsies. Screening interval is 6 years for men with baseline PSA 3. The main outcome of the trial is prostate cancer mortality, with analysis at 10 and 15 years. The statistical power is sufficient for detecting a 28% reduction at 10 years and 22% at 15 years. The proposed study has the potential to provide the evidence to justify screening as a public health policy if mortality benefit can be sustained with substantially reduced overdiagnosis.Peer reviewe

Radiological and pathological assessment of response to neoadjuvant CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine treatments in a real-life setting : initial results

publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Breast density and the likelihood of malignant MRI-detected lesions in women diagnosed with breast cancer

Objectives: To assess whether mammographic breast density in women diagnosed with breast cancer correlates with the total number of incidental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lesions and the likelihood of the lesions being malignant. Methods: Patients diagnosed with breast cancer meeting the EUSOBI and EUSOMA criteria for preoperative breast MRI routinely undergo mammography and ultrasound before MRI at our institution. Incidental suspicious breast lesions detected in MRI are biopsied. We included patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancers between 2014 and 2019 who underwent preoperative breast MRI. One reader retrospectively determined breast density categories according to the 5th edition of the BI-RADS lexicon. Results: Of 946 patients with 973 malignant primary breast tumors, 166 (17.5%) had a total of 175 (18.0%) incidental MRI-detected lesions (82 (46.9%) malignant and 93 (53.1%) benign). High breast density according to BI-RADS was associated with higher incidence of all incidental enhancing lesions in preoperative breast MRIs: 2.66 (95% confidence interval: 1.03–6.86) higher for BI-RADS density category B, 2.68 (1.04–6.92) for category C, and 3.67 (1.36–9.93) for category D compared to category A (p < 0.05). However, high breast density did not predict higher incidence of malignant incidental lesions (p = 0.741). Incidental MRI-detected lesions in the contralateral breast were more likely benign (p < 0.001): 18 (27.3%)/48 (72.7%) vs. 64 (58.7%)/45 (41.3%) malignant/benign incidental lesions in contralateral vs. ipsilateral breasts. Conclusion: Women diagnosed with breast cancer who have dense breasts have more incidental MRI-detected lesions, but higher breast density does not translate to increased likelihood of malignant incidental lesions. Clinical relevance statement: Dense breasts should not be considered as an indication for preoperative breast MRI in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Key Points: • The role of preoperative MRI of patients with dense breasts diagnosed with breast cancer is under debate. • Women with denser breasts have a higher incidence of all MRI-detected incidental breast lesions, but the incidence of malignant MRI-detected incidental lesions is not higher than in women with fatty breasts. • High breast density alone should not indicate preoperative breast MRI.Peer reviewe

Prospective comparison of F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, whole-body MRI and CT in primary nodal staging of unfavourable intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer

Purpose To prospectively compare F-18-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-1007 positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and standard computed tomography (CT), in primary nodal staging of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Men with newly diagnosed unfavourable intermediate- or high-risk PCa prospectively underwent F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, WBMRI with DWI and contrast-enhanced CT within a median of 8 days. Six readers (two for each modality) independently reported pelvic lymph nodes as malignant, equivocal or benign while blinded to the other imaging modalities. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were reported according to optimistic (equivocal lesions interpreted as benign) and pessimistic (equivocal lesions interpreted as malignant) analyses. The reference standard diagnosis was based on multidisciplinary consensus meetings where available histopathology, clinical and follow-up data were used. Results Seventy-nine patients completed all the imaging modalities, except for one case of interrupted WBMRI. Thirty-one (39%) patients had pelvic lymph node metastases, which were detected in 27/31 (87%), 14/31 (45%) and 8/31 (26%) patients by F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, WBMRI with DWI and CT, respectively (optimistic analysis). In 8/31 (26%) patients, only F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT detected malignant lymph nodes, while the other two imaging modalities were reported as negative. At the patient level, sensitivity and specificity values for F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, WBMRI with DWI and CT in optimistic analysis were 0.87 (95%CI 0.71-0.95) and 0.98 (95%CI 0.89-1.00), 0.37 (95%CI 0.22-0.55) and 0.98 (95%CI 0.89-1.00) and 0.26 (95%CI 0.14-0.43) and 1.00 (95%CI 0.93-1.00), respectively. Conclusion F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT showed significantly greater sensitivity in nodal staging of primary PCa than did WBMRI with DWI or CT, while maintaining high specificity.Peer reviewe

A Prospective Comparison of F-18-prostate-specific Membrane Antigen-1007 Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Whole-body 1.5 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Diffusion-weighted Imaging, and Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography with Traditional Imaging in Primary Distant Metastasis Staging of Prostate Cancer (PROSTAGE)

Background: Computed tomography (CT) and bone scintigraphy (BS) are the imaging modalities currently used for distant metastasis staging of prostate cancer (PCa). Objective: To compare standard staging modalities with newer and potentially more accurate imaging modalities. Design, setting, and participants: This prospective, single-centre trial (NCT03537391) enrolled 80 patients with newly diagnosed high-risk PCa (International Society of Urological Pathology grade group >= 3 and/or prostate-specific antigen [PSA] >= 20 and/or cT >= T3; March 2018-June 2019) to undergo primary metastasis staging with two standard and three advanced imaging modalities. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The participants underwent the following five imaging examinations within 2 wk of enrolment and without a prespecified sequence: BS, CT, Tc-99m-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (Tc-99m-HMDP) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-CT, 1.5 T whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) using diffusion-weighted imaging, and F-18-prostate-specific membrane antigen-1007 (F-18-PSMA-1007) positron emission tomography(PET)-CT. Each modality was reviewed by two independent experts blinded to the results of the prior studies, who classified lesions as benign, equivocal, or malignant. Pessimistic and optimistic analyses were performed to resolve each equivocal diagnosis. The reference standard diagnosis was defined using all available information accrued during at least 12 mo of clinical follow-up. Patients with equivocal reference standard diagnoses underwent MRI and/or CT to search for the development of anatomical correspondence. PSMA PET-avid lesions without histopathological verification were rated to be malignant only if there was a corresponding anatomical finding suspicious for malignancy at the primary or follow-up imaging. Results and limitations: Seventy-nine men underwent all imaging modalities except for one case of interrupted MRI. The median interval per patient between the first and the last imaging study was 8 d (interquartile range [IQR]: 6-9). The mean age was 70 yr (standard deviation: 7) and median PSA 12 ng/mL (IQR:7-23). The median follow-up was 435 d (IQR: 378-557). Metastatic disease was detected in 20 (25%) patients. The imaging modality F-18-PSMA-1007 PET-CT had superior sensitivity and highest inter-reader agreement. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) values for bone metastasis detection with PSMA PET-CT were 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.95) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.96) for readers 1 and 2, respectively, while the AUC values for BS, CT, SPECT-CT, and WBMRI were 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58-0.84) and 0.8 (95% CI: 0.67-0.92), 0.53 (95% CI: 0.39-0.67) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54-0.77), 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65-0.89) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.62-0.88), and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.74-0.96) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54-0.80), respectively, for the other four pairs of readers. The imaging method F-18-PSMA-1007 PET-CT detected metastatic disease in 11/20 patients in whom standard imaging was negative and influenced clinical decision making in 14/79 (18%) patients. In 12/79 cases, false positive bone disease was reported only by PSMA PET-CT. Limitations included a nonrandomised study setting and few histopathologically validated suspicious lesions. Conclusions: Despite the risk of false positive bone lesions, F-18-PSMA-1007 PET-CT outperformed all other imaging methods studied for the detection of primary distant metastasis in high-risk PCa. Patient summary: In this report, we compared the diagnostic performance of conventional and advanced imaging. It was found that F-18-prostate-specific membrane antigen-1007 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18-PSMA-1007 PET-CT) was superior to the other imaging modalities studied for the detection of distant metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis of high-risk prostate cancer. PSMA PET-CT also appears to detect some nonmetastatic bone lesions. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association of Urology.Peer reviewe

Prospective comparison of 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, whole-body MRI and CT in primary nodal staging of unfavourable intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer

Purpose To prospectively compare F-18-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-1007 positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and standard computed tomography (CT), in primary nodal staging of prostate cancer (PCa).Methods Men with newly diagnosed unfavourable intermediate- or high-risk PCa prospectively underwent F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, WBMRI with DWI and contrast-enhanced CT within a median of 8 days. Six readers (two for each modality) independently reported pelvic lymph nodes as malignant, equivocal or benign while blinded to the other imaging modalities. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were reported according to optimistic (equivocal lesions interpreted as benign) and pessimistic (equivocal lesions interpreted as malignant) analyses. The reference standard diagnosis was based on multidisciplinary consensus meetings where available histopathology, clinical and follow-up data were used.Results Seventy-nine patients completed all the imaging modalities, except for one case of interrupted WBMRI. Thirty-one (39%) patients had pelvic lymph node metastases, which were detected in 27/31 (87%), 14/31 (45%) and 8/31 (26%) patients by F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, WBMRI with DWI and CT, respectively (optimistic analysis). In 8/31 (26%) patients, only F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT detected malignant lymph nodes, while the other two imaging modalities were reported as negative. At the patient level, sensitivity and specificity values for F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, WBMRI with DWI and CT in optimistic analysis were 0.87 (95%CI 0.71-0.95) and 0.98 (95%CI 0.89-1.00), 0.37 (95%CI 0.22-0.55) and 0.98 (95%CI 0.89-1.00) and 0.26 (95%CI 0.14-0.43) and 1.00 (95%CI 0.93-1.00), respectively.Conclusion F-18-PSMA-1007 PET/CT showed significantly greater sensitivity in nodal staging of primary PCa than did WBMRI with DWI or CT, while maintaining high specificity.</div