62 research outputs found
Vers des plages urbaines postbalnéaires au début du XXIe siÚcle. Entre domestication estivale et neutralité hivernale
Dans plusieurs aires culturelles, la plage constitue une scĂšne sociale, un territoire de cospatialitĂ©, marquĂ© par des territorialitĂ©s Ă©phĂ©mĂšres, en relation avec des mouvements grĂ©gaires. Elle reprĂ©sente le contact de la station touristique avec la nature, en marge de lâĂ©coumĂšne, que le marketing urbain met en scĂšne. Cette interface terre / mer sâintĂšgre progressivement aux espaces publics de la ville et capte certaines formes dâurbanitĂ©. La force de lâimaginaire balnĂ©aire provoque lâamĂ©nagement de plages hors-sol dans les mĂ©tropoles non littorales et de plages artificielles, aux usages dĂ©saisonnalisĂ©s, dans les parcs Ă thĂšmes cĂŽtiers
Bioko (Guinée équatoriale) : un espace insulaire stratégique au centre du golfe de Guinée
La GuinĂ©e Ă©quatoriale se caractĂ©rise par lâĂ©miettement de sa construction territoriale, scindĂ©e en un bloc continental (RĂo Muni) et une composante insulaire, elle-mĂȘme dispersĂ©e. Bioko, Ăźle la plus vaste du golfe de GuinĂ©e, par son adossement Ă de vastes rĂ©serves dâhydrocarbures offshore, parce quâelle porte la ville de Malabo, capitale politique du troisiĂšme pays producteur de pĂ©trole de lâAfrique subsaharienne, est devenue un espace insulaire stratĂ©gique.Bioko (Equatorial Guinea): a strategic insular space in the middle of the Gulf of Guinea. Equatorial Guinea is characterised by the crumbling of its territorial build-up, split between a mainland area (RĂo Muni) and an insular element, itself scattered. Owing to its backing onto huge offshore oil reserves as well as the fact of having the town of Malabo as the political capital of sub-Saharan Africaâs third oil-producing country, Bioko Island âthe largest in the Gulf of Guineaâ has become a strategic insular space
Biodiversité et écotourisme dans les pays du centre du golfe de Guinée
LâAfrique Ă©quatoriale constitue une importante rĂ©serve de biodiversitĂ© dans ses forĂȘts denses humides dont la prĂ©servation mobilise, depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, les organismes internationaux de dĂ©fense de lâenvironnement. Depuis dix ans, ces mĂȘmes organisations tentent de sauvegarder les Ă©cosystĂšmes marins plus mĂ©connus et moins protĂ©gĂ©s. La mise en place dâespaces rĂ©glementĂ©s (rĂ©serves naturelles, parcs nationauxâŠ), sous lâĂ©gide dâinstances internationales, se heurte, de façon croissante, aux ambitions Ă©conomiques et aux prĂ©rogatives de souverainetĂ© des Etats. Lâinstauration dâaires protĂ©gĂ©es (flore, faune) permet la conservation de certaines espĂšces animales menacĂ©es (Ă©lĂ©phant, gorille, tortue marineâŠ), assure les fondements du dĂ©veloppement de lâĂ©cotourisme, contribue Ă©galement Ă la sĂ©curisation dâespaces frontaliers continentaux ou marins disputĂ©s par plusieurs Etats. Dans le centre du golfe de GuinĂ©e, la protection de quatre espĂšces de tortues marines (tortue verte, tortue caret, tortue luth, tortue olivĂątre), par la rĂ©glementation de la pĂȘche et lâinterdiction de lâartisanat de lâĂ©caille, constitue un enjeu Ă©cologique international.Biodiversity and Ecotourism in the Countries in the Central area of the Gulf of Guinea. Pretourism in an Unstable Geopolitical Unit. Equatorial Africa has large biodiversity reserves in its thick and wet forests. For several decades now international organizations have been working to protect the environment of these forests. Over the past ten years, these same organizations have been attempting to save the marine ecosystems, which are less well-known and less protected. The establishment of protected areas (nature reservations, national parks), resulting from constant international pressure, increasingly conflicts with the economic ambitions and prerogatives of the sovereign governments. The establishment of regulated areas for the protection of flora and fauna allows for the preservation of threatened animal species, notably elephants, the gorillas and marine turtles. These protected areas form the framework for the development of ecotourism and oceanic border demarcations, often disputed by several governments. In the central region of the Gulf of Guinea, the protection of four types of ocean turtles (the green turtle, caret turtle, luth turtle, olive green turtle), through fishing regulations and the  banning of turtle shells for handicraft uses, represents an international ecological chalenge
Nature urbaine et urbanitĂ© dans la station touristique de Salou (Espagne), au travers de lâĂ©tude : dâun parc-promenade, dâun paseo, dâun parc urbain
Les espaces publics naturĂ©s deviennent un enjeu de lâattractivitĂ© touristique des stations cĂŽtiĂšres sur le littoral mĂ©diterranĂ©en espagnol. Les municipalitĂ©s conduisent des politiques de rĂ©cupĂ©ration urbaine sur les plages, les hauts de plage, le long du linĂ©aire cĂŽtier, aux dĂ©pens dâune urbanisation anarchique, hĂ©ritĂ©e des annĂ©es 1960 (hĂŽtels, terrains de camping). Les paysagistes confrontĂ©s aux clivages entre la ville touristique et la ville « habitante » utilisent une vĂ©gĂ©tation allogĂšne, dĂ©contextualisĂ©e (palmiers), pour les espaces publics mis en tourisme et recourent Ă une nature indigĂšne (oliviers, cyprĂšs) pour les espaces communs des rĂ©sidents permanents.The forested public areas become a stake of the touristic appeal of coastal destinations on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. The municipalities steer the urban recovery policies on the beaches, beach heights, along the coastal line, at the expense of anarchical urbanization, inherited from the years 1960 (hotels, camping ground). The landscapers, confronted with the split between touristic city and âresidentâ city, use exotic vegetation, out of context (palm tree) for public areas developed into tourism, and resort to indigenous nature (olive trees, cypress) for common areas for the permanent residents
Voltaire & le livre. Textes rĂ©unis par François Bessire et Françoise Tilkin, Ferney-Voltaire, Centre international dâĂ©tude du XVIIIe siĂšcle, 2009, 326 p.
Bien que le SiĂšcle des LumiĂšres soit marquĂ©, selon les historiens de lâĂ©dition, par le « triomphe du livre », on sait que la reconnaissance lĂ©gale de lâĂ©tat et de la figure tant de lâauteur que de lâĂ©diteur tarda Ă sâimposer. Par lâaffirmation de son statut dâĂ©crivain autonome et la maĂźtrise quâil tentera dâexercer sur les rouages de lâĂ©dition, Voltaire offre dans ce contexte une image tout Ă fait singuliĂšre.Câest dire si la publication, lĂ©gĂšrement enrichie, des actes du colloque « Voltaire ..
La plage, un territoire singulier : entre hétérotopie et antimonde
Ce numĂ©ro propose dâanalyser un espace en dĂ©bat dans le champ des sciences humaines, encore peu travaillĂ© par les gĂ©ographes : la plage comme construction sociale et culturelle. Lâacception du terme plage, construction sĂ©dimentaire au contact de lâeau, ne suffit pas pour rendre compte de maniĂšre diachronique de la force de lâimaginaire, de la complexitĂ© des reprĂ©sentations, de la vigueur de lâattrait quâelle suscite, ni des appropriations territoriales Ă©phĂ©mĂšres ou pĂ©rennes quâelle engendre. ..
Une « Note » inédite de Condorcet sur Diderot
Les relations entre Condorcet et Diderot ont Ă©tĂ© peu Ă©tudiĂ©es et demeurent mal connues. On sait quâils ne se frĂ©quentĂšrent quâune dizaine dâannĂ©es, du milieu des annĂ©es 1760 jusquâau milieu des annĂ©es 1770, sans tisser de vĂ©ritables liens dâamitiĂ©. En outre, Condorcet et Diderot ne se citent quâĂ de rares occasions dans leur Ćuvre respective. IsolĂ©e au sein dâun volume de manuscrits scientifiques de Condorcet Ă la BibliothĂšque de lâInstitut de France, la piĂšce inĂ©dite que nous publions constitue le seul texte de Condorcet, Ă ce jour connu, exclusivement consacrĂ© Ă Diderot. RĂ©digĂ© Ă la fin de lâĂ©tĂ© 1784, quelques semaines aprĂšs la mort de Diderot, ce manuscrit constitue une rĂ©ponse Ă lâextrait â que nous publions aussi â dâun article de Mallet du Pan, Ă qui Condorcet vouait une haine farouche. En dâautres termes, si Condorcet prend la plume pour dĂ©fendre Diderot, dont il nâĂ©tait pourtant guĂšre proche, il semble que ce soit avant tout pour sâopposer Ă un publiciste quâil dĂ©testait, Mallet du Pan.Condorcetâs unpublished âNoteâ about DiderotLittle scholarly attention has been paid to the relationship between Condorcet and Diderot, about which little is known. We do know that they were in contact for only about ten years from the mid 1760s to the mid 1770s, but never developed a true friendship. In addition, they refer to each other only rarely in their works. The text published here for the first time, found in a volume of Condorcetâs scientific manuscripts at the library of the Institut de France, is the only writing as yet known by Condorcet exclusively devoted to Diderot. It was written in the late summer of 1784, a few weeks after Diderotâs death and was a reply to an extract (also published here) from an article by Mallet du Pan, whom Condorcet detested. In other words, Condorcet seems to have put pen to paper to defend Diderot, who was not a friend, mainly to oppose a hated journalist
How Group Size Affects Vigilance Dynamics and Time Allocation Patterns: The Key Role of Imitation and Tempo
In the context of social foraging, predator detection has been the subject of numerous studies, which acknowledge the adaptive response of the individual to the trade-off between feeding and vigilance. Typically, animals gain energy by increasing their feeding time and decreasing their vigilance effort with increasing group size, without increasing their risk of predation (âgroup size effectâ). Research on the biological utility of vigilance has prevailed over considerations of the mechanistic rules that link individual decisions to group behavior. With sheep as a model species, we identified how the behaviors of conspecifics affect the individual decisions to switch activity. We highlight a simple mechanism whereby the group size effect on collective vigilance dynamics is shaped by two key features: the magnitude of social amplification and intrinsic differences between foraging and scanning bout durations. Our results highlight a positive correlation between the duration of scanning and foraging bouts at the level of the group. This finding reveals the existence of groups with high and low rates of transition between activies, suggesting individual variations in the transition rate, or âtempoâ. We present a mathematical model based on behavioral rules derived from experiments. Our theoretical predictions show that the system is robust in respect to variations in the propensity to imitate scanning and foraging, yet flexible in respect to differences in the duration of activity bouts. The model shows how individual decisions contribute to collective behavior patterns and how the group, in turn, facilitates individual-level adaptive responses
Lâambition mĂ©morielle, patrimoniale et touristique du BĂ©nin, autour du souvenir des royaumes dâAbomey et dâAllada
De petits royaumes « nĂ©griers », celui dâAbomey et dâAllada, construits sur une administration puissante, des traditions religieuses, un clergĂ© vaudou inspirant les dĂ©cisions royales, entre la fin du XVIIe et le XXe siĂšcle, dans la rĂ©gion du BĂ©nin mĂ©ridional actuel, ont contribuĂ© Ă Ă©crire les grandes pages de lâhistoire du pays. Ces deux royaumes se sont appuyĂ©s sur des dynasties puissantes, marquĂ©es par une vie de cour et une aristocratie complexes. Le royaume dâAbomey, lâun des plus crĂ©atif..
A dressed up beach, but with no bathing: FidjrossĂš in Cotonou (Benin)
A Sunday afternoon on the beach of FidjrossĂš (July 2019) J. Rieucau African populations have unique relationships with the beach (water, sand, sun, body). In their sensory universe, a specific corporeality leads to an aversion to sand, an avoidance of the sun, the absence of naked bodies, and little interest in bathing in the sea for pleasure. Historical, ethnic, anthropological, religious reasons contribute to shaping a beach culture far removed from the 4 âSâ (sea, sand, sex, sun) specific..
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