Does Manufacturer Advertising Crowd-In or Crowd-Out Retailer Advertising? An Application of an Endogenous Prize Contest with Asymmetric Players

su¢ ciently large increases have a crowding-in e¤ect by "jump-starting"competition between retailers for the larger market. Furthermore, asymmetric abilities in such contests can lead the weaker player to e¤ectively drop out of the contest, thereby undermining the ability of increased prizes to increase e¤ort by intensifying competition. More generally the model can be applied to other contests such as patent races or promotion tournaments where not just the probability of winning but also the value of winning depends on contest e¤ort levels. JEL: C72, D7

The Pennsylvania Adoption Act of 1970: Progress and Portents

The Pennsylvania Adoption Act of 1970, effective 1 January 1971, consists of six articles by which the preceding Adoption Act as amended is repealed absolutely, along with all other acts and parts of acts... insofar as they are inconsistent with this Act.\u27 Though there are varied substantive changes which will be dealt with infra., one prominent feature of the new Act is worthy of note at the outset. From the lengthy, sometimes unclear paragraphing of the previous act has come a concise statement of the law in the pattern of the Estates Act of 1947. This structural format is, in itself, laudable were nothing else accomplished. A great deal has been accomplished, however, and this paper shall cover at some length a number of these accomplishments

Conservation aquaculture as a tool for imperiled marine species: Evaluation of opportunities and risks for Olympia oysters, Ostrea lurida

Conservation aquaculture is becoming an important tool to support the recovery of declining marine species and meet human needs. However, this tool comes with risks as well as rewards, which must be assessed to guide aquaculture activities and recovery efforts. Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) provide key ecosystem functions and services along the west coast of North America, but populations have declined to the point of local extinction in some estuaries. Here, we present a species-level, range-wide approach to strategically planning the use of aquaculture to promote recovery of Olympia oysters. We identified 12 benefits of culturing Olympia oysters, including identifying climate-resilient phenotypes that add diversity to growers' portfolios. We also identified 11 key risks, including potential negative ecological and genetic consequences associated with the transfer of hatchery-raised oysters into wild populations. Informed by these trade-offs, we identified ten priority estuaries where aquaculture is most likely to benefit Olympia oyster recovery. The two highest scoring estuaries have isolated populations with extreme recruitment limitation-issues that can be addressed via aquaculture if hatchery capacity is expanded in priority areas. By integrating social criteria, we evaluated which project types would likely meet the goals of local stakeholders in each estuary. Community restoration was most broadly suited to the priority areas, with limited commercial aquaculture and no current community harvest of the species, although this is a future stakeholder goal. The framework we developed to evaluate aquaculture as a tool to support species recovery is transferable to other systems and species globally; we provide a guide to prioritizing local knowledge and developing recommendations for implementation by using transparent criteria. Our collaborative process engaging diverse stakeholders including managers, scientists, Indigenous Tribal representatives, and shellfish growers can be used elsewhere to seek win-win opportunities to expand conservation aquaculture where benefits are maximized for both people and imperiled species