Multi-band implications of external-IC flares

Very fast variability on scales of minutes is regularly observed in Blazars. The assumption that these flares are emerging from the dominant emission zone of the very high energy (VHE) radiation within the jet challenges current acceleration and radiation models. In this work we use a spatially resolved and time dependent synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) model that includes the full time dependence of Fermi-I acceleration. We use the (apparent) orphan $\gamma$-ray flare of \textit{Mrk501} during MJD 54952 and test various flare scenarios against the observed data. We find that a rapidly variable external radiation field can reproduce the high energy lightcurve best. However, the effect of the strong inverse Compton (IC) cooling on other bands and the X-ray observations are constraining the parameters to rather extreme ranges. Then again other scenarios would require parameters even more extreme or stronger physical constraints on the rise and decay of the source of the variability which might be in contradiction with constraints derived from the size of the black hole's ergosphere.Comment: accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic

A spatially resolved SSC Shock-in-Jet model

In this paper a spatially resolved, fully self-consistent SSC model is presented. The observable spectral energy distribution (SED) evolves entirely from a low energetic delta distribution of injected electrons by means of the implemented microphysics of the jet. These are in particular the properties of the shock and the ambient plasma, which can be varied along the jet axis. Hence a large variety of scenarios can be computed, e.g. the acceleration of particles via multiple shocks. Two acceleration processes, shock acceleration and stochastic acceleration, are taken into account. From the resulting electron distribution the SED is calculated taking into account synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton scattering (full cross section) and synchrotron self absorption. The model can explain SEDs where cooling processes are crucial. It can verify high variability results from acausal simulations and produce variability not only via injection of particles, but due to the presence of multiple shocks. Furthermore a fit of the data, obtained in the 2010 multi-frequency campaign of Mrk501, is presented.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures; appeared in the proceedings of the conference: "High Energy Phenomena in Relativistic Outflows (HEPRO) III", held in Barcelona, Spain, June 27th-July 1st 2011 (IJMPCS

The radio morphology of a spatially resolved SSC model

One of the main, unresolved questions about the nature of quasars is the position of the acceleration site responsible for the highest energies. The attempt to investigate this question in the energy regime with the highest resolution, the radio band, has the downside that no theoretical model exists that can connect these two regimes. The model in this work tries to shrink this gap by extending the general synchrotron self Compton (SSC) model up to length scales in the order of the resolution of radio observations. The resulting spectral energy distributions (SED) show a qualitative improvement in the representation of the radio spectrum. Furthermore the obtained emission morphology shows similar properties to the radio structures observed in jets of quasars. A complete and quantitative connection will however need either much higher numerical effort or an improved methodology

Modelling mode choice in passenger transport with integrated hierarchical information integration

The Integrated Hierarchical Information Integration (HII-I) approach allows to include a larger number of attributes in choice experiments by summarising similar attributes into constructs. In separate sub-experiments, one construct is described by its attributes while the other constructs are included by summarising construct values. This approach allows for testing of process equality in order to know if the different sub-experiments may be concatenated into an overall model. In this paper, the HII-I approach is applied to model the mode choice between a regional train, a (hypothetical) regional bus and a car (only available for car users). Test results show that process equality is given when analysing only the data of the bi-modal sub-experiments whereas the assumption of process equality is rejected for data of the tri-modal sub-experiments, where differences in error variances between the sub-experiments are found. This empirical finding suggests that it is possible to construct separate sub-experiments while arriving at a single concatenated model

The Arab Spring: Misconceptions and Prospects

The Arab Spring of 2011 is acknowledged as a turning point for the Arab world. While there were high expectations at the outset regarding the democratisation of the region, at present pessimistic assessments predominate, given the numerous wars and the return of authoritarian rule. At least four misconceptions about the Arab Spring can be identified, and these provide information important for a more realistic appraisal both of the likelihood of future democratic reforms and of the challenges to lasting stability in the region